An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
English-French-Persian

فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

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Number of Results: 74 Search : angle
Mach angle
  زاویه‌ی ِ ماخ   
zâviye-ye Mach

Fr.: angle de Mach   

Half of the vertex angle of the → Mach cone generated by a body in → supersonic flight. It is given by sin μ = (a/v), where a is the speed of the sound waves and v the velocity of the object. In terms of Mach number: μ = asin (1/M). The Mach angle diminishes with the object velocity. For M = 1 it is 90°, for M = 2, it is 30°, and for M = 5, its is 11.5°.

Mach number; → angle.

meridian angle
  زاویه‌ی ِ نیمروزان   
zâviye-ye nimruzân

Fr.: angle horaire   

Same as hour angle.

meridian; → angle.

obtuse angle
  زاویه‌ی ِ باز   
zâviye-ye bâz (#)

Fr.: angle obtus   

An angle whose measure is greater than 90° and less than 180°.

Obtuse, from M.Fr. obtus (fem. obtuse), from L. obtusus "blunted, dull," p.p. of obtundere "to beat against, make dull," from ob "against" + tundere "to beat," from PIE *(s)tud- "to beat, strike, push, thrust;" → angle.

Zâviyé, → angle; bâz "open," from Mid.Pers. abâz-, apâc-, O.Pers. apa- [pref.] "away, from;" Av. apa- [pref.] "away, from," apaš [adv.] "toward the back;" cf. Skt. ápāñc "situated behind."

parallactic angle
  زاویه‌ی ِ دیدگشتی   
zâviye-ye didgašti

Fr.: angle parallactique   

Of an object in the sky, the angle between the → celestial pole, the object, and the → zenith. Since parallactic angle describes the orientation on the sky of the object for a particular observer, it can be an important quantity in some observations.

parallactic; → angle.

parallax angle
  زاویه‌ی ِ دیدگشت   
zâviye-ye didgašt

Fr.: angle de parallaxe   

The angular displacement associated with → parallax.

parallax; → angle.

Pascal's triangle
  سه‌بر ِ پاسکال   
sebar-e Pascal

Fr.: triangle de Pascal   

An array of numbers in the shape of a triangle, having a 1 at the top and also at the ends of each row. Each number is obtained by summing the two adjacent numbers to it in the preceding row. Each row is a set of → binomial coefficients. In the expansion of (x + y)n, the coefficients of x and y are given by the n-th row of Pascal's traingle.

pascal; → triangle.

phase angle
  زاویه‌ی ِ فاز   
zâviye-ye fâz (#)

Fr.: angle de phase   

1) Physics: Of a → periodic wave, the number of suitable units of angular measure between a point on the wave and a reference point.
2) Astro.: For an object in the solar system, the angle "Sun-object-Earth" that is, the angle between the Sun and the observer as seen from the given object. It is 0° when the object is fully illuminated, 90° when the object is half-illuminated (like the Moon at first quarter and last quarter), and 180° when the object is between Earth and the Sun.
3) More generally, the angle between star light incident onto a related revolving object and the light reflected from the object to the observer (Earth).

phase; → angle.

polarization angle
  زاویه‌ی ِ قطبش   
zâviye-ye qotbeš (#)

Fr.: angle de polarisation   

Same as → polarizing angle and → Brewster angle.

polarization; → angle.

polarizing angle
  زاویه‌ی ِ قطبش   
zâviye-ye qotbeš (#)

Fr.: angle de polarisation   

The angle of → incidence for which the reflected light is completely polarized. Also called the → Brewster angle and → polarization angle. See also → Brewster's law.

Polarizing, adj. of → polarize; → angle.

position angle
  زاویه‌ی ِ نهش   
zâviye-ye neheš

Fr.: angle de position   

The convention for measuring angles on the sky in astronomy (Abbreviated as PA). It is the direction of an imaginary arrow in the sky, measured from north through east: 0° = north, 90° = east, 180° = south, and so on to 359° and back to 0°. Applied to a binary system it is the direction of a secondary body or feature from a primary, measured in the system. .

position; → angle.

prism angle
  زاویه‌ی ِ منشور   
zâviye-ye manšur

Fr.: angle de prisme   

The angle between the faces on which light is incident and from which it emerges.

prism; → angle.

quadrangle
  چهارگوشه، چارگوش   
cahârgušé, cârguš

Fr.: quadrilatère   

A two-dimensional figure that consists of four points connected by straight lines. Same as → tetragon; see also → quadrilateral.

L.L. quadrangulum, noun use of neuter of L. quadrangulus, quadriangulus "four-cornered," from quadr- variant of quadri- before a vowel "four," akin to quattuor, → four, cognate with Pers. cahâr, as below; → angle.

Cahârgušé, cârguš "four-cornered," from cahâr, câr "four," cognate with L. quattuor, → four, + gušé, guš "corner, angle;" Mid.Pers. gôšak "corner."

quantum entanglement
  هم‌گورش ِ کو‌آنتومی، هم‌پیچی ِ ~   
ham-gureš-e kuântomi, ham-pici-ye ~

Fr.: emmêlement quantique, intrication ~   

A quantum → phenomenon that occurs when two or more particles (→ photons or → atomic particles) that have a common origin remain linked together when they travel apart. A measurement of one of the particles determines not only its → quantum state but the quantum state of the other particle as well. A change in one is instantly reflected in the other. To use a familiar example, it is as if you have a pair of dice entangled in such a way that when you throw them the sum of the two is 7. Any time you cast them, if the first die shows 2, 5, 3, etc. the other will show 5, 2, 4, etc., respectively. Quantum entanglement is rooted in the → superposition principle. But, in contrast to → quantum coherence, the states in a superposition are the shared states of two entangled particles rather than those of the two split waves of a single particle. There are several ways for entangling atomic particles. Photons can be entangled using → cascade transitions, as was done by Alain Aspect and colleagues in the early 1980s (→ Aspect experiment). Calcium atoms are put into a highly-excited energy level where the electron is forbidden to return to the → ground state by emitting a single photon. As a result, the atoms → decay by emitting two photons which are entangled. Like quantum coherence, quantum entanglement plays an essential role in quantum technologies, such as quantum teleportation, quantum cryptography, and super dense coding. See also → EPR paradox.

quantum; → entanglement.

rainbow angle
  زاویه‌ی ِ رنگین‌کمان   
zâviye-ye rangin-kamân

Fr.: angle d'arc-en-ciel   

The → obtuse angle between sunlight and the → line of sight. Rainbow angle = 180° minus → scattering angle. For the → primary rainbow it is 138°, and for the → secondary rainbow 130°.

rainbow; → angle.

rectangle
  راستگوشه   
râstgušé (#)

Fr.: rectangle   

A → quadrilateral all of whose angles are → right angles.

M.Fr. rectangle, from M.L. rectangulum "a triangle having a right angle," from rect-, combining form of rectusright + angulum, → angle.

Râstgušé, from râst, → right, + gušé "corner, angle;" Mid.Pers. gôšak "corner."

Reuleaux triangle
  سه‌بر ِ رولو   
sebar-e Reuleaux

Fr.: triangle de Reuleaux   

A shape of constant width created using an equilateral triangle and three similar circles. The equilateral triangle lies in the first circle with a vertex coinciding with the center of the circle and the sides equal to the circle radius. The centers of the two other circles are located at the two other vertices. The Reuleaux triangle is the intersection of the three circles.

Named after Franz Reuleaux (1829-1905), a German engineer, specialist of analysis and design of mechines; → triangle.

right angle
  زاویه‌ی ِ راست   
zâviye-ye râst

Fr.: angle droit   

An angle of 90°.

right; → angle.

right triangle
  سه‌بر ِ راست   
sebar-e râst (#)

Fr.: triangle droit   

A triangle one of whose angles is a → right angle.

right; → triangle.

ring opening angle
  زاویه‌ی ِ گشایش ِ حلقه   
zâviye-ye gošâyeš-e halqé

Fr.: angle d'ouverture des anneaux   

Of → Saturn, the angle between the line of sight and the ring plane. Also known as elevation angle, tilt angle.

ring; → open; → angle.

Zâviyé, → angle; gošâyeš "opening," verbal noun from gošudan, gošâdan "to open up, loose, let free;" gošâd "opened; ample, broad;" Mid.Pers. wišâdan "to let free;" Khotanese hīyā "bound;" O.Pers. višta "untied, loosened," vištāspa- "with loosened horses" (personal name); Av. višta "untied," ā-hišāiiā "holds fettered," hita- "fastened, tied on, put to;" cf. Skt. sā- "to bind, fasten, fetter," sitá- "bound," ví-sita- "untied;" halqé, → ring.

scalene triangle
  سه‌بر ِ ناجور-پهلو   
sebar-e nâjur-pahlu

Fr.: triangle scalène   

A triangle no two sides of which are equal.

From L.L. scalenus, from Gk. skalenos "uneven, unequal, rough," from skallein "chop, hoe," related to skolios "crooked," from PIE base *(s)qel- "crooked, curved, bent;" → triangle.

Sebar, → triangle; nâjur-pahlu "dissimilar sides," from nâjur "dissimilar, ill-matched" + pahlu "side, flank" (Mid.Pers. pahlug "side, rib," Av. pərəsu- "rib," Ossetic fars "side, flank," cf. Skt. párśu- "rib," Lith. piršys (pl.) "horse breast").

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