An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
English-French-Persian

فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

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Number of Results: 107 Search : man
almanac
  اختر‌سالنامه   
axtarsâlnâmé

Fr.: almanach   

A book of tables, usually covering a period of one calendar year, that lists the future positions of the Moon, planets, and other prominent celestial objects, together with other useful astronomical data.

M.E. almenak, from M.L. almanach, perhaps from late Gk. almenikhiaka "ephemeris," perhaps of Coptic origin.

Axtar sâlnâmé, from axtar, → star, + sâlnâmé "calendar," from sâl, → year, + nâmé "book."

anomalous Zeeman effect
  اُسکر ِ زیمن ِ ناسان   
oskar-e Zeeman-e nâsân

Fr.: effet Zeeman anormal   

The splitting of a spectral line into several components in the → Zeeman effect when the magnetic field is weak. The splitting is much more complex than in the normal effect. The number of components of the lines often considerably exceeds their number in the normal effect. Contrarily to the normal Zeeman effect, the anomalous effect cannot be explained by classical theory. The historically "anomalous" effect is accounted for by the inclusion of electron spin in the total angular moment. In fact the idea of electron spin was put forward (Uhlenbeck and Goudsmit, 1926) to explain the anomalous Zeeman effect.

anomalous; → Zeeman effect.

Boltzmann constant
  پایای ِ بولتسمن   
pâyâ-ye Boltzmann

Fr.: constante de Boltzmann   

Boltzmann's constant.

Boltzmann's constant.

Boltzmann factor
  کروند ِ بولتسمن   
karvand-e Boltzmannn

Fr.: facteur de Boltzmann   

The factor e-E/kT involved in the probability for atoms having an excitation energy E and temperature T, where k is Boltzmann's constant.

Boltzmann's constant; → factor.

Boltzmann's constant
  پایای ِ بولتسمن   
pâyâ-ye Boltzmann

Fr.: constante de Boltzmann   

The physical constant, noted by k, relating the mean → kinetic energy of → molecules in an → ideal gas to their → absolute temperature. It is given by the ratio of the → gas constant to → Avogadro's number. Its value is about 1.380 x 10-16erg K-1.

Named after the Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann (1844-1906), who made important contributions to the theory of statistical mechanics; → constant.

Boltzmann's entropy formula
  دیسول ِ درگاشت ِ بولتسمن   
disul-e dargâšt-e Boltzmann

Fr.: formule d'entropie de Boltzmann   

In → statistical thermodynamics, a probability equation relating the → entropy S of an → ideal gas to the quantity Ω, which is the number of → microstates corresponding to a given → macrostate: S = k. ln Ω. Same as → Boltzmann's relation.

Boltzmann's constant; → entropy; → formula.

Boltzmann's equation
  هموگش ِ بولتسمن   
hamugeš-e Boltzmann

Fr.: équation de Boltzmann   

1) An equation that expresses the relative number (per unit volume) of → excited atoms in different states as a function of the temperature for a gas in → thermal equilibrium: Nu/Nl = (gu/gl) exp (-ΔE/kTex), where Nu and Nl are the upper level and lower level populations respectively, gu and gl the → statistical weights, ΔE = hν the energy difference between the states, k is → Boltzmann's constant, and h  → Planck's constant.

Boltzmann's constant; → equation.

Boltzmann's relation
  باز‌آنش ِ بولتسمن   
bâzâneš-e Boltzmann

Fr.: relation de Boltzmann   

A relation between the → entropy of a given → state of a → thermodynamic system and the → probability of the state: S = k . ln Ω where S is the entropy of the system, k is → Boltzmann's constant, and Ω the thermodynamic probability of the state. Boltzmann's relation connects → statistical mechanics and → thermodynamics. Ω is the number of possible → microstates of the system, and it represents the → randomness of the system. The relation also describes the statistical meaning of the → second law of thermodynamics. This expression has been carved above Boltzmann's name on his tombstone in Zentralfreihof in Vienna. Same as → Boltzmann's entropy formula.

Boltzmann's constant; → relation.

dehumanization
  مرتوگان‌زدایی   
martugân zodâyi

Fr.: déshumanisation   

The act or process or an instance of dehumanizing.

Verbal noun of → dehumanize.

dehumanize
  مرتوگان زدودن   
martugân zodudan

Fr.: déshumaniser   

To deprive of → human qualities or personality.

de-; → dehumanize.

Earth's mantle
  گوشته‌ی ِ زمین   
gušte-ye Zamin

Fr.: manteau terrestre   

A major subdivision of Earth's internal structure, located beneath the → Earth's crust and above the central → core. On average, the mantle begins 35 km below the surface and ends at a depth of about 2,900 km. See also → upper mantle and → lower mantle, → asthenosphere, → lithosphere.

Earth; → mantle.

Ekman layer
  لایه‌ی ِ اکمن   
lâye-ye Ekman

Fr.: couche d'Ekman   

A kind of viscous → boundary layer in a rotating fluid system. Such a layer forms over a flat bottom that exerts a frictional → stress against the flow, bringing the velocity gradually to zero within the layer above the bottom. An Ekman layer occurs also on the fluid surface whenever there is a horizontal frictional stress, for example along ocean surface, when waters are subject to wind stress.

Named for Vagn Walfrid Ekman (1874-1954), Swedish oceanographer, who studied the phenomenon originally in his doctoral thesis (1902) and later developed it (1905, 1906); → layer.

Ekman number
  عدد ِ اکمن   
adad-e Ekman

Fr.: nombre d'Ekman   

A → dimensionless quantity that measures the strength of → viscous forces relative to the → Coriolis force in a rotating fluid. It is given by Ek = ν/(ΩH2), where ν is the → kinematic viscosity of the fluid, Ω is the → angular velocity, and H is the depth scale of the motion. The Ekman number is usually used in describing geophysical phenomena in the oceans and atmosphere. Typical geophysical flows, as well as laboratory experiments, yield very small Ekman numbers. For example, in the ocean at mid-latitudes, motions with a viscosity of 10-2 m2/s are characterized by an Ekman number of about 10-4.

Ekman layer; → number.

emanate
  رونمودن   
runemudan (#)

Fr.: émaner   

To flow out, issue, or proceed, as from a source or origin; come forth; originate; arise (Dictionary.com).

From L. emanatus, p.p. of emanare "flow out," figuratively "arise from, proceed from."

Runemudan "to appear, come out," literally "to show face," from ru "face," → surface, + nemudan "to show," → display.

emanation
  رونمود   
runemud (#)

Fr.: émanation   

An act or instance of emanating; something that emanates or is emanated.

emanate; → -tion.

Feynman diagram
  نمودار ِ فاینمن   
nemudâr-e Feynman

Fr.: diagramme de Feynman   

A schematic representation, in quantum electrodynamics and quantum chromodynamics, of the way elementary particles like electrons and protons interact with each other by exchanging photons. Use of Feynman diagrams can greatly reduce the amount of computation involved in calculating a rate or cross section of a physical process.

After the American physicist Richard P. Feynman (1918-1988), Nobel prize 1965; → diagram.

flat manifold
  بسلای ِ تخت   
baslâ-ye taxt

Fr.: variété plate   

A manifold with a → Riemannian metric that has → zero → curvature.

flat; → manifold.

Freeman's law
  قانون ِ فریمن   
qânun-e Freeman

Fr.: loi de Freeman   

A statistical finding about "normal" → spiral galaxies, whereby there is an upper limit on the mean central → surface brightness of disks. This value is constant for different spiral types, amounting to 21.65 ± 0.30 mag arcsec2 in the B band.

Named after K. C. Freeman (1970, Ap.J. 160, 811); → law.

Friedmann equation
  هموگش ِ فریدمن   
hamugeš-e Friedmann

Fr.: équation de Friedmann   

An equation that expresses energy conservation in an → expanding Universe. It is formally derived from → Einstein's field equations of → general relativity by requiring the Universe to be everywhere → homogeneous and → isotropic. It is expressed by H2(t) = (8πG)/(3c2)ε(t) - (kc2)/R2(t), where H(t) is the → Hubble parameter, G is the → gravitational constant, c is the → speed of light, ε(t) is the → energy density, k is the → curvature of space-time, and R(t) is the → cosmic scale factor. See also → Big Bang, → accelerating Universe. See also → Friedmann-Lemaitre Universe.

Named after the Russian mathematician and physical scientist Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Friedmann (1888-1925), who was the first to formulate an → expanding Universe based on Einstein's theory of → general relativity ; → equation.

Friedmann-Lemaitre Universe
  گیتی ِ فریدمن-لو‌متر   
giti-ye Friedmann-Lemaître

Fr.: univers Friedmann-Lemaître   

One of the first → cosmological models to incorporate Einstein's → general relativity, predicting that → galaxies should be → receding from each other due to → cosmic expansion.

Friedmann equation; Georges Edouard Lemaître (1894-1966), a Belgian cosmologist and priest who proposed a first sketch of the → Big Bang theory; → universe.

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