An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
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فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

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Number of Results: 137 Search : ton
cotton
  پنبه   
panbé (#)

Fr.: coton   

A soft, usually white fibrous substance like fine wool surrounding the seeds of various tropical and subtropical plants of the mallow family. It is extensively used in making threads, yarns, and fabrics.

M.E. coton, from O.Fr. coton, from O.It. cotone, from Ar. qutn (قطن), perhaps of Egyptian origin.

Panbé "cotton" (dialectal Lori pamma, Kurd. pemû, maybe Tajik, Afqân pakta, pakhta, bakhta, bakta), from Mid.Pers. pambag "cotton," pambagin "made of cotton," perhaps loaned in Gk. bombux "silk, any silk-like fine fiber;" L. bombyx "silk, cotton," L.L. bombax "cotton," hence O.Fr. bombace "cotton, cotton wadding," E. bombast "cotton wool; inflated language."

curvaton
  کورواتون   
kurvaton

Fr.: curvaton   

A hypothetical → scalar field that is used to explain the → primordial curvature perturbation in the Universe. It is generally supposed that the primordial perturbation originates during → inflation, from the → quantum fluctuation of the inflation field. The curvaton model is an attempt to account for the primordial perturbation by a completely different origin, namely the quantum fluctuation during inflation of a light scalar field which is not the assumed slowly-rolling inflation. In this model, the curvaton field is an energetically sub-dominant component during inflation. As the energy density of the Universe drops after inflation, the fraction of this component becomes significant. At this time the curvaton perturbation is converted into an adiabatic curvature perturbation of the Universe. The amplitude of the final perturbation, which should match observations, depends on both how long the curvaton oscillates before it decays, and on the shape of the potential. The first curvaton model was proposed by D. H. Lyth & D.Wands and in 2002 (Physics Letters B524).

From curvat-, from → curvature, + → -on. Although not related, the term curvaton exists in Fr. meaning "small curve" with variants curvatone, courbaton, and corbatone (A. Jal, 1848, Glossaire nautique).

Dalton minimum
  کمینه‌ی ِ دالتون   
kamine-ye Dalton

Fr.: minimum de Dalton   

A 40-year period of unusually low → solar activity, from about 1790 to 1830. See also the → Maunder minimum.

Named after John Dalton (1766-1844), British meteorologist; → minimum.

detonate
  تراکیدن   
tarâkidan (#)

Fr.: détoner, faire détoner, faire exploser   

1) To set off a → detonation. 2) To explode or cause to explode.

From L. detonatus, p.p. of detonare "to thunder down, roar out," from → de- + tonare "to thunder," cf. Pers. tondar "thunder," Skt. stanáyati "thunders," tanyatá- "thundering," Gk. stonos "groan," stenein "to groan," Thôrr "the Old Norse god of thunder," P.Gmc. *thunraz (Du. donder, Ger. Donner "thunder," E. thunder, Fr. tonnerre), PIE base *(s)tene- "to resound, thunder."

Tarâkidan "to split, cleave; to make a noise in splitting," variants tarakidan, taraqidan, taraqqé "firecracker," from tarâk/tarak "split, cleft, crack; the noise of anything when splitting or cleaving," maybe related to Pers. dar-, daridan "to tear, cut," Av. dar- "to tear," dərəta- "cut," auua.dərənant- "shattering," Skt. dar- "to crack, split, break, burst," darati "he splits," cf. Gk. derma "skin," E. tear, Ger. zerren "to pull, to tear," zehren "to undermine, to wear out," PIE base *der- " to split, peel, flay."

detonation
  تراک   
tarâk (#)

Fr.: détonation   

Instantaneous combustion or conversion of a solid, liquid, or gas into larger quantities of expanding gases accompanied by heat, shock, and a noise. → deflagration; → explosion.

Verbal noun of → detonate.

diproton
  دیپروتون   
diproton

Fr.: diproton   

An → isotope of → helium that consists of two → protons, without any → neutrons. It is extremely → unstable.

di-; → proton.

double Compton scattering
  پراکنش ِ کامپتون ِ دوتایی   
parâkaneš-e Compton-e dotâyi

Fr.: diffusion Compton double   

An electron-photon interaction that can be thought of as a → Compton scattering event associated with the production or destruction of an extra photon.

double; → Compton; → scattering.

Eddington factor
  کروند ِ ادینگتون   
karvand-e Eddington

Fr.: facteur d'Eddington   

Same as → Eddington parameter.

Eddington limit; → factor.

Eddington limit
  حد ِ ادینگتون   
hadd-e Eddington (#)

Fr.: limite d'Eddington   

The theoretical upper limit of → luminosity at which the → radiation pressure of a light-emitting body would exceed the body's → gravitational attraction. A star emitting radiation at greater than the Eddington limit would break up. The Eddington luminosity for a non-rotating star is expressed as: LEdd = 4πGMmpcσT-1, where G is the → gravitational constant, M the star mass, mp the → proton mass, c the → speed of light, and σT the → Thomson cross section. It can also be written as LEdd = 4πGMcκ-1, where κ is the → opacity. In terms of solar mass, the Eddington limit can be expressed by: LEdd = 1.26 × 1038 (M/Msun) erg s-1. See also → rotational Eddington limit.

Named after Arthur Stanley Eddington (1882-1944), prominent British astrophysicist; → limit.

Eddington luminosity
  تابندگی ِ ادینگتون   
tâbandegi-ye Eddington

Fr.: luminosité d'Eddington   

Same as → Eddington limit.

Eddington limit; → luminosity.

Eddington parameter
  پارامون ِ ادینگتون   
pârâmun-e Eddington

Fr.: paramètre d'Eddington   

A → dimensionless parameter indicating the degree to which a star is close to the → Eddington limit. It is expressed as Γ = L / LEdd = κ L / (4πGMc), where L and M are the star luminosity and mass respectively, κ is the opacity, c the speed of light, and G the → gravitational constant. At the Eddington limit, Γ = 1, the star would become unbound. Because stellar luminosity generally scales with a high power of the stellar mass (LM3-4), → massive stars with M larger than 10 Msun generally have electron Eddington parameters of order Γ ≅ 0.1-1.

After Arthur Stanley Eddington (1882-1944), prominent British astrophysicist; → parameter.

Eddington-Lemaître Universe
  گیتی ِ ادینگتون-لومتر   
giti-ye Eddington-Lemaître (#)

Fr.: Univers d'Eddington-Lemaître   

A theoretical model in which the → cosmological constant plays a crucial role by allowing an initial phase that is identical to the Einstein static Universe. After an arbitrarily long time, the Universe begins to expand. The difficulty with this model is that the initiation of galaxy formation may actually cause a collapse rather than initiate an → expansion of the Universe.

Eddington limit; Lemaître in honor of Georges-Henri Lemaître (1894-1966), a Belgian Roman Catholic priest, who first proposed the Big Bang theory; → universe.

Eddington-Sweet time scale
  مرپل ِ زمانی ِ ادینگتون-سوییت   
marpel-e zamâni-ye Eddington-Sweet

Fr.: échelle de temps d'Eddington-Sweet   

The time required for the redistribution of → angular momentum due to → meridional circulation. The Eddington-Sweet time for a uniformly → rotating star is expressed as: τES = τKH . GM / (Ω2 R3), where τKH is the → Kelvin-Helmholtz time scale, R, M, and L designate the radius, mass, and luminosity respectively, Ω the → angular velocity, and G the → gravitational constant. The Eddington-Sweet time scale can be approximated by τES≅ τKH / χ, where χ is the ratio of the → centrifugal force to → gravity. For the Sun, χ ≅ 10-5 resulting in an Eddington-Sweet time scale which is too long (1012 years), i.e. unimportant. In contrast, for a rotating → massive star  χ is not so much less than 1. Hence the Eddington-Sweet circulation is very important in massive stars.

Named after the prominent British astrophysicist Arthur S. Eddington (1882-1944), who was the first to suggest these currents (in The Internal Constitution of the Stars, Dover Pub. Inc., New York, 1926) and P. A. Sweet who later quantified them (1950, MNRAS 110, 548); → time scale.

effective Eddington parameter
  پارامون ِ ادینگتون ِ اسکرمند   
pârâmun-e Eddington-e oskarmand

Fr.: paramètre d'Eddington effectif   

The effective value of the → Eddington parameter in a non-homogeneous system (porous opacity).

effective; → Eddington limit; → parameter.

graviton
  گراویتون   
gerâviton (#)

Fr.: graviton   

A hypothetical elementary particle associated with the gravitational interactions. This quantum of gravitational radiation is a stable particle, which travels with the speed of light, and has zero rest mass, zero charge, and a spin of ± 2.

From gravit(y), → gravity + → -on a suffix used in the names of subatomic particles.

Hamilton's equation
  هموگش ِ هامیلتون   
hamugeš-e Hamilton

Fr.: équation de Hamilton   

One of a set of equations that describe the motion of a → dynamical system in terms of the → Hamiltonian function and the → generalized coordinates. For a → holonomic system with n degrees of freedom, Hamilton's equations are expressed by: q.i = ∂H/∂pi and p.i = - ∂H/∂qi, i = 1, ..., n.

Hamiltonian function; → equation.

Hamilton's principle
  پروز ِ هامیلتون   
parvaz-e Hamilton

Fr.: principe de Hamilton   

Of all the possible paths along which a → dynamical system can move from one configuration to another within a specified time interval (consistent with any constraints), the actual path followed is that which minimizes the time integral of the → Lagrangian function. Hamilton's principle is often mathematically expressed as δ∫Ldt = 0, where L is the Lagrangian function, the integral summed from t1 to t2, and δ denotes the virtual operator of Lagrangian dynamics and the → calculus of variations.

Hamiltonian function; → principle.

Hamiltonian dynamics
  توانیک ِ هامیلتون   
tavânik-e Hamilton

Fr.: dynamique hamiltonienne   

The study of → dynamical systems in terms of the → Hamilton's equations.

Hamiltonian function; → dynamics.

Hamiltonian formalism
  دیسه‌گرایی ِ هامیلتون   
disegerâyi-ye Hamilton

Fr.: formalisme de Hamilton   

A reformulation of classical mechanics that predicts the same outcomes as classical mechanics. → Hamiltonian dynamics.

Hamiltonian; → mechanics.

Hamiltonian function
  کریای ِ هامیلتون   
karyâ-ye Hâmilton

Fr.: fonction de Hamilton   

A function that describes the motion of a → dynamical system in terms of the → Lagrangian function, → generalized coordinates, → generalized momenta, and time. For a → holonomic system having n degrees of freedom, the Hamiltonian function is of the form: H = Σpiq.i - L(qi,q.i,t) (summed from i = 1 to n), where L is the Lagrangian function. If L does not depend explicitly on time, the system is said to be → conservative and H is the total energy of the system. The Hamiltonian function plays a major role in the study of mechanical systems. Also called → Hamiltonian.

Introduced in 1835 by the Irish mathematician and physicist William Rowan Hamilton (1805-1865); → function.

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