An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
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فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

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Number of Results: 58 Search : constant
Einstein's gravitational constant
  پایای ِ گرانشی ِ اینشتین   
pâyâ-ye gerâneši-ye Einstein (#)

Fr.: constante gravitationnelle d'Einstein   

The coupling constant appearing in → Einstein's field equations, expressed by: κ = 8πG/c4, where G is the Newtonian → gravitational constant and c the → speed of light.

einstein; → gravitational; → constant.

electromagnetic coupling constant
  پایای ِ جفسری ِ برقامغناتی   
pâyâ-ye jafsari-ye barqâmeqnâti

Fr.: constante de couplage electromagnétique   

Same as → fine-structure constant.

electromagnetic; → coupling; → constant.

Fermi constant
  پایای ِ فرمی   
pâyâ-ye Fermi

Fr.: constante de Fermi   

The → coupling constant associated with the → weak interaction, which gives rise to → beta decay. CF = 1.167 x 10-5 GeV-2.

Fermi; → constant.

fine-structure constant
  پایای ِ ساختار ِ نازک   
pâyâ-ye sâxtâr-e nâzok

Fr.: constante de la structure fine   

A measure of the strength of → interaction between a → charged particle and the → electromagnetic field. It is a → dimensionless number expressed (in → cgs units) by α = e2c, where e is the → electron charge, ħ is the → reduced Planck's constant, and c is the → speed of light. It is approximately equal to 1/137 or 7.3 × 10-3. The smallness of this number is of great importance since it determines the size of → atoms and the → stability of → matter. Same as → electromagnetic coupling constant.

fine structure; → constant.

fundamental constant
  پایای ِ بنیادین   
pâyâ-ye bonyâdin (#)

Fr.: constante fondamentale   

A physical constant that cannot be expressed in terms of other constants of nature, such as the charge of the electron.

fundamental; → constant.

gas constant
  پایا‌ی ِ گاز‌ها   
pâyâ-ye gâzhâ (#)

Fr.: constante des gaz parfaits   

For a given quantity of an → ideal gas, the product of its → pressure and the → volume divided by the → absolute temperature (R = PV/T).

gas; → constant.

Gaussian gravitational constant
  پایای ِ گرانشی ِ گاؤس   
pâyâ-ye gerâneši-ye Gauss

Fr.: constante gravitationnelle de Gauss   

The constant, denoted k, defining the astronomical system of units of length (→ astronomical unit), mass (→ solar mass), and time (→ day), by means of → Kepler's third law. The dimensions of k2 are those of Newton's constant of gravitation: L 3M -1T -2. Its value is: k = 0.01720209895.

Gaussian; → gravitational; → constant.

gravitational constant
  پایای ِ گرانشی   
pâyâ-ye gerâneši (#)

Fr.: constante gravitationnelle   

A fundamental constant that appears in → Newton's law of gravitation. It is the force of attraction between two bodies of unit mass separated by unit distance: G = 6.673 x 10-8 dyn cm2 g-2 or 6.673 x 10-8 cm3s-2g-1, or 6.673 x 10-11 N m2 kg-2 or 6.673 x 10-11 m3s-2kg-1. It was first measured in 1798 by Henry Cavendish (1731-1810), 71 years after Newton's death. Same as the → Newtonian constant of gravitation.

gravitational; → constant.

gravitational coupling constant
  پایای ِ جفسری ِ گرانشی   
pâyâ-ye jafsari-ye gerâneši

Fr.: constante de couplage gravitationnel   

The dimensionless gravitational constant defined as the gravitational attraction between pair of electrons and normally given by: αG = (Gme2) / (ħc) = (me / mP)2 ~ 1.7518 × 10-45, where ħ is → Planck's reduced constant, c the → speed of light, me is the → electron mass, and mP is the → Planck mass.

gravitational; → coupling; → constant.

heliocentric gravitational constant
  پایای ِ گرانشی هورمرکزی   
pâyâ-ye gerâneši-ye hur-markazi

Fr.: constante gravitationnelle héliocentrique   

A parameter representing the product of the → gravitational constant by the → solar mass. It is 13.27 x 1019 m3 s-2.

heliocentric; → gravitational; → constant.

Hubble constant
  پایا‌ی ِ هابل   
pâyâ-ye Hubble (#)

Fr.: constante de Hubble   

Hubble-Lemaitre constant.

Hubble; → constant.

Hubble-Lemaitre constant
  پایا‌ی ِ هابل-لومتر   
pâyâ-ye Hubble-Lemaître

Fr.: constante de Hubble-Lemaître   

The → Hubble parameter for the → present epoch. It is the constant of proportionality between the → recession velocities of galaxies and their distances from each other. The latest determinations using the → Hubble Space Telescope observations of → Cepheids give H0 = 72 ± 8 km s-1 Mpc-1 (W. L. Freedman et al., 2001, ApJ 553, 47, arXiv:astro-ph/0012376), the → WMAP observations yield 70.4 ± 1.3 km s-1 Mpc-1 (N. Jarosik et al., 2011, ApJS 192, 14, arXiv:1001.4744), and the → Planck Satellite observations give 67.3 ± 1.2 km s-1 Mpc-1 (Planck Collaboration, 2014, A&A 571, A16, arXiv:1303.5076). More recently, the Hubble constant was derived by a team of astronomers, using the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, with a 2.4% accuracy (Adam G. Reiss et al., 2016, arXiv:1604.01424). The new value, 73.2 km s-1 Mpc-1, suggests that the Universe is expanding between five and nine percent faster than previously calculated. The → Hubble law is only applicable for large distances (> 20 Mpc), when the proper motions of galaxies in groups and clusters cannot confuse the recession due to expansion.

Hubble; → Friedmann-Lemaitre Universe; → constant.

individual constant
  پایای ِ تکال   
pâyâ-ye takâl

Fr.: constant individuel   

In predicate logic: A → word or → expression that represents a → specific  → individual or → object. A single object can be denoted by multiple individual constants, reflecting the fact that objects can have multiple names. On the other hand, any individual constant can only denote one object. Individual constants are represented by lower case letters from the beginning of the alphabet: a, b, c.

individual; → constant.

Joule's constant
  پایای ِ ژول   
pâyâ-ye Joule (#)

Fr.: constante de Joule   

The proportional relationship of mechanical energy to thermal energy, equal to 4.184 joules per calorie. Also called mechanical equivalent of heat.

joule; → constant.

Kolmogorov constant
  پایای ِ کولموگوروف   
pâyâ-ye Kolmogorov (#)

Fr.: constante de Kolmogorov   

The proportionality constant C in Kolmogorov's mathematical analysis of → turbulence which states that the spectral energy E(k) in the range of turbulent scales is E(k) =C ε2/3 k-5/3, where k represents the → wave number (inversely proportional to the wavelength or → eddy size), and ε is the average energy dissipation per unit mass in the fluid. Experimental measurements give C close to 1.5.

Andrei Nikolaevich Kolmogorov (1903-1987), a prominent Soviet mathematician, who made major advances in different scientific fields, mainly probability theory, topology, turbulence, classical mechanics, and computational complexity; → constant.

magnetic constant
  پایای ِ مغناتیسی   
pâyâ-ye meqnâtisi (#)

Fr.: constante magnétique   

A physical constant relating mechanical and electromagnetic units of measurement. It has the value of 4π × 10-7 henry per meter. Also called the permeability of free space, or → absolute permeability.

magnetic; → constant.

Newton constant
  پایای ِ نیوتن   
pâyâ-ye Newton

Fr.: constante de Newton   

Same as the → gravitational constant.

Newton; → constant.

Newton's constant
  پایای ِ نیوتون   
pâyâ-ye Newton

Fr.: constante de Newton   

Same as the → gravitational constant.

Newton; → constant.

Newtonian constant of gravitation
  پایای ِ گرانش ِ نیوتن   
pâyâ-ye gerâneš-e Newton

Fr.: constante de la gravitation newtonienne   

Same as the → gravitational constant.

Newtonian; → constant; → gravitation.

Oort's constants
  پایاهایِ اورت   
pâyâhâ-ye Oort

Fr.: constantes de Oort   

Two parameters, denoted A and B, that describe the major features of our Galaxy's differential rotation in the Sun's neighbourhood. A is one-half of the shear and equal to +14.4 ± 1.2 km s-1 kpc-1, and B, one-half of the vorticity, equal to -12.0 ± 2.8 km s-1 pc-1.

Oort cloud; → constant.


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