An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
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فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

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Number of Results: 13176 Search : far
quantization
  کو‌آنتومش   
kuântomeš (#)

Fr.: quantification   

1) The procedure of restricting a continuous quantity to certain discrete values.
2) Physics: The procedure of deriving the quantum-mechanical laws of a system from its corresponding classical laws.

Verbal noun of → quantize.

quantize
  کو‌آنتومیدن   
kuântomidan (#)

Fr.: quantifier   

Math.: To restrict a variable quantity to discrete values rather than to a continuous set of values.
Physics: To change the description of a physical system from classical to quantum-mechanical, usually resulting in discrete values for observable quantities, as energy or angular momentum.

From quant(um) + → -ize.

From kuântom, → quantum, + -idan infinitive suffix.

quantized
  کو‌آنتومیده   
kuântomidé (#)

Fr.: quantifié   

1) Capable of existing in only one of several states.
2) Of or pertaining to discrete values for → observable quantities.

P.p. of → quantize.

quantizer
  کو‌آنتومنده   
kuântomandé (#)

Fr.: quantificateur   

A device with a limited number of possible output values hat can translate an incoming signal into these values or codes for outputting.

Agent noun of → quantize.

quantum
  کو‌آنتوم   
kuântom (#)

Fr.: quantum   

The smallest amount of energy that can be absorbed or radiated by matter at a specified frequency (plural quanta). It is a → discrete quantity of energy associated with a wave of frequency ν, where h represents the → Planck's constant.

Quantum "a particular amount," from L. quantum "how much," neuter singular of quantus "how great." Introduced in physics by Max Planck (1858-1947) in 1900.

quantum censorship
  سانسور ِ کو‌آنتومی   
sânsur-e kuântomi

Fr.: censure quantique   

A concept whereby properties of objects vary according to the energy with which they are probed. An atomic system in its → ground state tends to remain as it is if little energy is fed in, betraying no evidence of its internal structure. Only when it is excited into a higher state do complexities emerge. This is the essence of quantum censorship. Thus, below an energy threshold, atoms appear to be impenetrable. Above it, their components can be exposed (F. Wilczek, 2013, Nature 498, 31).

quantum; censorship, from censor, from M.Fr. censor and directly from L. censor "a Romain magistrate who kept the register or census of the citizens, and supervised morals," from censere "to appraise, value, judge," from PIE root *kens- "to speak solemnly, announce;" cf. Av. səngh- (sanh-) "to declare, explain;" Pers. soxan "word, speech;" Skt. śams- "to praise, recite."

quantum chromodynamics
  رنگ-توانیک ِ کو‌آنتومی   
rangtavânik-e kuântomi

Fr.: chromodynamique quantique   

The → quantum field theory that deals with the → strong interaction and the structure of elementary particles in the framework of → quantum theory. The cohesive attraction between the → quarks, that constitute → hadrons, involves the participation of three particles. Each of these particles is assigned a different → color "charge." The existence of these "charges" requires a multiplicity of different messenger particles to communicate the interaction and glue the quarks together. These messengers are called → gluons and there are eight different types.

quantum; → chromodynamics

quantum coherence
  همدوسی ِ کو‌آنتومی   
hamdusi-ye kuantomi

Fr.: cohérence quantique   

In quantum physics, a situation where an object's wave property is split in two, and the two waves coherently interfere with each other in such a way as to form a single state that is a superposition of the two states. This phenomenon is based on the fact that atomic particles have wave-like properties. Quantum coherence is in many ways similar to → quantum entanglement, which involves the shared states of two quantum particles instead of two quantum waves of a single particle. Quantum coherence and quantum entanglement are both rooted in the → superposition principle.

quantum; → coherence.

quantum computer
  رایانگر ِ کو‌آنتومی   
râyângar-e kuântomi

Fr.: ordinateur quantique   

A type of computer, as yet hypothetical, that uses quantum mechanical laws, such as the → superposition principle and the → quantum entanglement, to perform calculations based on the behavior of particles at the → subatomic level. A quantum computer would gain enormous processing power through the ability to be in multiple states, and to perform tasks using all possible permutations simultaneously.

quantum; → computer.

quantum defect
  کاست ِ کو‌آنتومی   
kâst-e kuântomi

Fr.: défaut quantique   

Of an atomic energy level, the difference between the principal quantum number and the effective quantum number.

quantum; → defect.

quantum efficiency
  کارایی ِ کو‌آنتومی   
kârâi-ye kuântomi

Fr.: efficacité quantique   

In a detector, the ratio of the number of photoelectrons released to the number of incident photons at a specific wavelength.

quantum; → efficiency.

quantum electrodynamics (QED)
  برقاتوانیک ِ کو‌آنتومی   
barqâtavânik-e kuântomi

Fr.: électrodynamique quantique   

The → quantum field theory that describes the properties of → electromagnetic radiation and its interaction with electrically charged matter in the framework of → quantum theory.

quantum; → electrodynamics.

quantum entanglement
  هم‌گورش ِ کو‌آنتومی، هم‌پیچی ِ ~   
ham-gureš-e kuântomi, ham-pici-ye ~

Fr.: emmêlement quantique, intrication ~   

A quantum → phenomenon that occurs when two or more particles (→ photons or → atomic particles) that have a common origin remain linked together when they travel apart. A measurement of one of the particles determines not only its → quantum state but the quantum state of the other particle as well. A change in one is instantly reflected in the other. To use a familiar example, it is as if you have a pair of dice entangled in such a way that when you throw them the sum of the two is 7. Any time you cast them, if the first die shows 2, 5, 3, etc. the other will show 5, 2, 4, etc., respectively. Quantum entanglement is rooted in the → superposition principle. But, in contrast to → quantum coherence, the states in a superposition are the shared states of two entangled particles rather than those of the two split waves of a single particle. There are several ways for entangling atomic particles. Photons can be entangled using → cascade transitions, as was done by Alain Aspect and colleagues in the early 1980s (→ Aspect experiment). Calcium atoms are put into a highly-excited energy level where the electron is forbidden to return to the → ground state by emitting a single photon. As a result, the atoms → decay by emitting two photons which are entangled. Like quantum coherence, quantum entanglement plays an essential role in quantum technologies, such as quantum teleportation, quantum cryptography, and super dense coding. See also → EPR paradox.

quantum; → entanglement.

quantum field theory
  نگره‌ی ِ کو‌آنتومی ِ میدان   
negare-ye kuântomi-ye meydân

Fr.: théorie quantique des champs   

The quantum mechanical theory based on the assumption that the interactions between particles and fields are mediated by messenger particles. Accordingly, particles are → quanta of a field, just s photons are quanta of light. All fields display a granular structure in interaction. QFT is the framework in which quantum mechanics and → special relativity are successfully reconciled (→ Dirac equation). It forms the basis of today's particle physics.

quantum; → field; → theory.

quantum fluctuation
  افتاخیز ِ کو‌آنتومی   
oftâxiz-e kuântomi

Fr.: fluctuation quantique   

The temporary variation in a → quantum field due to the → uncertainty principle.

quantum; → fluctuation.

quantum gravity
  گرانی ِ کو‌آنتومی   
gerâni-ye kuântomi

Fr.: gravité quantique   

A theory of gravity, yet to be developed, that would properly include quantum mechanics. Because of the tensor nature of general relativity, it is not renormalizable as a field theory in perturbation from flat space. So far various attempts to quantize general relativity have been unsuccessful.

quantum; → gravity.

quantum information
  ازدایش ِ کو‌آنتومی   
azdâyeš-e kuântomi

Fr.: information quantique   

The science concerned with the transmission, storage, and processing of information using quantum mechanical systems. It exploits the notion of → quantum entanglement between systems and joins several fields of knowledge, mainly quantum physics, information, computation, and probability.

quantum; → information.

quantum jump
  جهش ِ کو‌آنتومی   
jaheš-e kuântomi

Fr.: saut quantique   

The transition of a quantum system from one stationary state to another, accompanied by absorption or emission of energy.

quantum; → jump.

quantum mechanical system
  راژمان ِ کو‌آنتوم مکانیکی   
râžmân-e kuântom mekâniki

Fr.: système mécanique quantique   

A → physical system that is specified by a → wave function.

quantum; → mechanical; → system.

quantum mechanics
  کو‌آنتوم مکانیک، مکانیک ِ کو‌آنتومی   
kuântom mekânik, mekânik-e kuântomi

Fr.: mécanique quantique   

A development of Newtonian mechanics based on the discrete character of energy (Planck 1900) and the wave motion of material particles (de Broglie 1924). It is relies on the consideration that energy state of a quantum mechanical system can be derived at a given instant by a function whose square of the modulus gives the probability distribution of the coordinates of the system. Quantum mechanics is essential for the treatment of all atomic processes. It holds also for ordinary large scale processes although in this case the deviations from Newtonian mechanics are negligible.

quantum; → mechanics.


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