An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
English-French-Persian

Preliminaries

پیشگفتار

The IAU Dictionary of Astronomical Concepts

Abstract: There is a need for a reliable and comprehensive reference source providing the definitions of all the concepts, from the oldest to the newest, used in astronomy and astrophysics. Considerable efforts have so far been made to gather a large number of astronomical concepts. Despite their valuable utility, these references, however, do not meet the requirements of completeness and up-to-dateness not to mention other considerations, including the fact that they are not interdisciplinary oriented, nor freely accessible. The present Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics, created at Paris Observatory, tries to meet this need. Moreover, a semantic tool, called AstroConcepts, appended to the dictionary provides definitions of astronomical concepts present on Web pages. Thanks to this tool, if one selects an astronomical concept on a web page, a pop-up window will display the definition of the available English or French terms. Another tool provides a concept map, or conceptual diagram, of each concept by displaying relationships with other concepts. A Working Group, set up at the IAU commission 46, aims at developing the dictionary into a multilingual online Dictionary of Astronomical Concepts.

1. Rationale

There is a need for a reliable and comprehensive reference source providing the definitions of all the concepts, from the oldest to the newest, used in astronomy and astrophysics. Valuable efforts have so far been made to gather a large number of astronomical concepts; for example the four-volume work by Klecze & Kleczkova (1990), which also gives the equivalents in six European languages, but does not provide the definitions of concepts. We can also mention the four-volume set Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics (Murdin, 2001), which deals with many topics with ample explanations in articles aimed at astronomers. There are also numerous astronomical dictionaries intended for amateur astronomers and a larger public (among the most recent ones, one can mention, e.g., Riadpath, 2012 and Daintith & Gould 2009). Despite their valuable utility, these references, however, do not meet the requirements of completeness and up-to-dateness not to mention other considerations, including the fact that they are not interdisciplinary oriented, nor freely accessible.

An exhaustive concept base would make life easier, because instead of searching definitions through sparse subset references, one could have access to all the available definitions at one go. Besides practical use, it would be interesting to collect in a single source all the astronomical concepts that have ever been created. It would be even more helpful to be able to access such a source freely online as a database that would get enriched on a monthly basis through the inclusion of new concepts created in current research work. This aspect contrasts with usual dictionaries which are updated only at intervals of several years.

Such a concept source is being developed at Paris Observatory in the form of an interactive database (MySql/Php) called An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics (EDAA). Currently it contains the definitions of about 13,000 English entries, with their French and Persian equivalents. Each definition is checked by specialist astronomers at Paris Observatory or other international research institutes. In this sense it is a collaborative international endeavor that should serve various research, educational, and development goals, such as those defined by the International Astronomical Union, in particular its current Commission 46, which seeks to promote the development and improvement of astronomical education at all levels through the world (Jones, 2012). More detailed information about various aspects of the dictionary is given elsewhere (Heydari-Malayeri, 2009, Heydari-Malayeri et. al., 2012).

2. Some features of the dictionary
The dictionary is intended for professional and amateur astronomers, university students in astrophysics, as well as terminologists and linguists, especially those interested in the etymology of Indo-European languages. Some of the particularities of this work are specified below.

2.1 Word filiation. The origin, history, and the way in which a term is composed provide the reader with an additional dimension of the concept. The etymology section is in fact the interface between physical and human sciences. The EDAA is indeed the first fully fledged etymological dictionary in this field. The dictionary is careful about the linguistic and terminological aspects of the terms, their morphological structure, and, in a broader scope, the mechanisms that govern a scientific language.

2.2 Multidisciplinarity. Astronomy is tightly related to other branches of knowledge. It even includes other sciences in subfields such as astrobiology, astrochemistry, astrogeology, planetary meteorology, and so on. The dictionary therefore contains a large number of terms in physics, mathematics, geology, meteorology, including logic and philosophy. The hypertext ability enables the reader to move on from a given concept to related ones. Moreover, the dictionary also guides the reader to families of associated concepts in astronomy as well as other fields of knowledge. Owing to new informatics tools resulting from technological advances, we are now able to transcend the partial scope of disciplinary worldviews. Innovative integrated approaches involving synergy from different backgrounds are indispensable for the production and diffusion of knowledge. Initiatives are underway to expand the multidisciplinary aspects of this work. Although more and more specialization for scientific progress is inevitable, inter-, multi-, and transdisciplinary initiatives are necessary to overcome the compartmentation of knowledge.

2.3 Educational and cultural vocations. The dictionary is intent on providing the most recent concepts in astrophysics. It is at the same time careful to explain the previous concepts upon which the new ones are based. This chain of reasoning enables the dictionary to contain the most basic concepts and be self-sufficient. Moreover, such didactic method should make the outcome user-friendly. A new culture based on information is changing the way people learn, work, interact, and live. Education is a key for development. In this new context a great research effort is being made to find technological tools to support the new demands of education.

2.4 Virtual Observatory. The dictionary also interests Virtual Observatory (VO), which is an international initiative by the astronomical community to allow global electronic access to the available astronomical data archives of space and ground-based observatories. It also aims to enable data analysis techniques through a coordinating entity that provides common standards, wide-network bandwidth, and state-of-the-art analysis tools. The VO is also intended for re-using data for scientific objectives different from the original ones, in order to optimize the science return of astronomical observations. The VO’s capabilities are enabled through the use of standard protocols for registering the existence and location of data and for requesting data that satisfies the user’s interests. These standards are developed on an international basis through the IVOA. The cornerstone of the VO is interoperability. Interoperability is the ability of different types of computers, networks, operating systems, and software applications to work together by exchanging and sharing information in a standardized, accurate, and effective manner. AstroConcepts is an initiative in line with the requirements of interoperability.

3. IAU Working Group
A Working Group has been set up within the IAU Commission 46 to develop a Dictionary of Astronomical Concepts. Among the tasks of this inter-divisionary body is the creation of an extensive astronomical dictionary. The goal includes selection and definition of new concepts that appear in all branches of current astrophysical research. The resulting online dictionary must address the advanced research with an inter-disciplinary outlook as well as more general educational purposes. The project could be extended to create a fully international astronomical thesaurus including languages from all continents.

4. Some practical notes
The dictionary entries are organized as follows. The main entries, in English, are accompanied by their French and Persian equivalents in the present version. The Persian equivalents appear twice, in transliterated Latin characters and in proper Persian writing. The first paragraph of each entry block is devoted to the definition(s) of the entry. The first statement of the definition presents a concise, but explicit description of the concept. The following sentences elaborate on the information and lead the reader, through hyperlinks, to complementary explanations. The second paragraph describes the etymology of the English term. Indeed, the origin, history, and the way in which the term is composed provide the reader with an additional dimension of the concept. This section is in fact the interface between physical sciences and linguistics. The third paragraph presents the etymology and justification of the Persian counterpart, suggested mostly by the author. We hope that future editions of the dictionary will include counterparts in other languages and we would welcome any initiative in this direction.

References

Daintith, J. & Gould, W. 2009, The Facts on File Dictionary of Astronomy, Infobase Publ.
Heydari-Malayeri, M., et al., 2012, IAU Information Bulletin 110, p.,98
Heydari-Malayeri, M., 2009, A Multilingual on-line Dictionary of Astronomical Concepts
Isaac, A., Summers, E. (editors), 2009, SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System Primer
Jones, B. W. (ed.), 2012, IAU Commission 46, Newsletter 76
Kleczek, J., Kleczkova, 1990, Space Science Dictionary, 4 volumes (En., Fr., Ger., Sp., Port., Russ.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, Oxford, New York, Tokyo
Mitton, J., 2007, Cambridge Illustrated Dictionary of Astronomy, Cambridge Univ. Press
Murdin, P. (ed.), 2001, Ency. of Astron.& Astrophy., 4 vol., Inst. of Physics Publishing, Nature Pub. Group, New York, Tokyo
Riadpath, I., 2012, Oxford Dictionary of Astronomy, Oxford University Press