An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
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فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

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Number of Results: 13176 Search : in
provocation
  فراوچ   
farâvac

Fr.: provocation   

1) The act of provoking.
2) Something that → incites, → instigates, angers, or irritates (Dictionary.com).

Verbal noun of → provoke.

provoke
  فراوچیدن   
farâvacidan

Fr.: provoquer   

1) To anger, enrage, exasperate, or vex.
2) To stir up, arouse, or call forth (feelings, desires, or activity).
3) To → incite or → stimulate (a person, animal, etc.) to action (Dictionary.com).

M.E., from O.Fr. provoker, provochier and directly from L. provocare "call forth, challenge," from → pro- "forth" + vocare "to call," → voice.

Farâvacidan, from farâ-, → pro-, + vacidan "to call," rarr; convoke.

prow
  فرال   
farâl

Fr.: proue   

The forepart of a ship or boat; bow; opposite to stern or poopPuppis.

From M.Fr. proue, from Upper It. (Genoese) prua, from L. prora "prow," from Gk. proira, related to pro "before, forward," → pro-.

Farâl, from farâ "forward" (farâ raftan "to go forward, proceed," farâ rândan "to drive forward"), equivalent to → pro-, + relation suffix -âl, → -al. Compare farâl with prow "bow," Fr. la proue "prow, bow," from dialectal It. proa, prua, from L. prora "bow," from Gk. proira, related to pro "before, forward."

Proxima b
  پروکسیما b   
Proksimâ b

Fr.: Proxima b   

An → extrasolar planet orbiting our nearest stellar neighbor → Proxima Centauri. The planet was detected through a long-term → radial velocity campaign and found to have an → orbital period of ~ 11.2 days, a → semi-major axis of ~ 0.05 → astronomical units (20 times closer to Proxima than the Earth is to the Sun), and a minimum mass 1.3 → Earth masses (M sin i = 1.3 M_Earth), i.e. ~ 30% larger than the Earth (Anglada-Escudé et al. 2016, Nature 536, 437). The planet's surface temperature should allow it to support liquid water, and its mass suggests that it might have a rocky surface. With a semi-major axis of ~ 0.05 AU, it lies in the center of the classical habitable zone for Proxima. However, Proxima Centauri is a → flare star and the → X-ray flux received by the planet is 400 times greater than the flux that Earth receives from the Sun. Energetic particles associated with the flares may erode the atmosphere or hinder the development of primitive forms of life. It is also not known whether the → exoplanet has a magnetic field, like Earth, which could shield it from the dangerous stellar radiation.

Proxima Centauri.

Proxima Centauri
  پروکسیما کنتاؤروس، نزدیکترین ~   
proksimâ Kentâwros, nazdiktarin ~

Fr.: Proxima du Centaure   

The closest star to the Sun, lying 4.24 → light-years away. Other designations: α Centauri C, GL 551, HIP 70890, or simply Proxima. It is the faintest of the three stars that make up the → Alpha Centauri system. Proxima Centauri is a → red dwarf of → spectral type M6 Ve. It has a magnitude of +11.0, but undergoes sudden brightness increases of up to 1 mag lasting several minutes. Proxima is a late-type → flare star with a rotation period of ~ 84 days. Its mass is about 0.123 → solar masses or 129 → Jupiter masses. Proxima orbits the binary system AB at a distance of about 15,000 → astronomical unit (AU)s, with a period of approximately 550,000 years (Kervella et al., 2016, arXiv:1611.0349). In about 200,000 years it will be at the same distance as AB and in 240,000 years it will be farther to Sun than AB. It has an → effective temperature of only around 3,050 K, a luminosity of 0.15 per cent of that of the Sun, a measured radius of 14 per cent of the radius of the Sun and a mass of about 12 per cent of the mass of the Sun. An → exoplanet, named → Proxima b, has been discovered orbiting our nearest neighbor star. Proxima experiences a seven-year activity cycle, similar to the Sun's 11-year cycle (B. J. Wargelin, B. J. et al., 2016, arXiv:1610.03447). But unlike the Sun's relatively moderate flares, Proxima's outbursts of X-ray and ultraviolet radiation could prove deadly for any hypothetical life on its planet, Proxima b.

Proxima, feminine of proximus "nearest," superlative of prope "near;" → approximate; → Centaurus.

Proksimâ, from L., as above; Kentâwros, → Centaurus; nazdiktarin, superlative of nazdik "near," from Mid.Pers. nazdik "near," from nazd "close" (Mid.Pers. nazd, nazdik "near," nazdist "first;" O.Pers. ašna- "close;" Av. nazdišta- "nearest, next," nazdyo "nearer to," nas- "to come near, approach, reach;" cf. Skt. nédīyas- "closer, very close," nas- "to approach, to reach") + -ik, → -ic.

Proxima Centauri b
  پروکسیما کنتاؤروس b   
Proksimâ Kentâwros b

Fr.: Proxima Centauri b   

Proxima b.

Proxima Centauri

prussic acid
  اسید پروسیک   
asid prusik (#)

Fr.: acide prussique   

Same as → hydrogen cyanide (HCN).

So called because it was first obtained from Prussian blue, Fe7(CN)18.

Prutenic Tables
  زیج ِ پروسی   
zij-e Prusi

Fr.: Tables pruténiques   

A set of astronomical tables (→ ephemeris) created in 1551 by Erasmus Reinhold (1511-1553), professor of astronomy at Wittenberg, indicating the positions of the Sun, the Moon, and the planets on the basis of the → Copernican model of heliocentric solar system. They superseded the → Alfonsine Tables, but since circular orbits were used, they were no more accurate than those tables. They were themselves replaced by the → Rudolphine Tables.

From original L. title Tabulae prutenicae "Prussian Tables," such named because Albert I, Duke of Prussia, supported Reinhold and financed the printing; → table; → zij.

Przybylski's star
  ستاره‌ی ِ شبیلسکی   

Fr.: étoile de Przybylski   

A blue star, named HD 101065 or V816 Cen, with an extremely peculiar chemical composition and spectral features. Although the star has a surface temperature very close to that of stars with solar chemical composition, it displays some abundance anomalies typical of much hotter → Ap stars. The spectrum is dominated by a group of lines of → lanthanides, while in the spectra of normal stars with similar temperature the absorption lines of neutral elements from the iron group are predominant. The lanthanides may have abundances 103-104 times solar. The spectrum of Przybylski's star also shows the presence of radioactive → rare earth elements, such as → promethium and → technetium. Moreover, there are numerous strong absorption lines which defy identification. In some spectrum regions unidentified lines are more numerous than known lines. It is also a → roAp star (see, e.g., Gopka et al. 2008, Kinematics and Physics of Celestial Bodies Vol. 24, No. 2, 89).

Named after its discoverer, Antoni Przybylski (1961, Nature 189, 739).

Psamathe
  پسامته   
Psâmaté

Fr.: Psamathé   

A → retrograde irregular satellite of → Neptune discovered in 2003. Also known as Neptune X. According to preliminary estimates, it orbits Neptune at a distance of about 47 million km and takes almost 25 Earth years to make one orbit. It is about 38 kilometers in diameter.

In Gk. mythology, one of the Nereids, lover of Aeacus and mother of Phocus.

pseudo-
  دروژ-   
doruž-

Fr.: pseudo-   

A combining form meaning "false, erroneous, pretended, unreal," used in the formation of compound words (pseudonym, pseudoclassic, pseudointellectual). In scientific use, denoting close or deceptive resemblance to the following element (pseudogene, pseudobulb, pseudocarp).
pseudo-disk, → pseudo-Euclidean space, → pseudo-nucleus, → pseudo-Riemannian space, → pseudoscience.

From Gk. pseudo-, combining form of pseudes "false," or pseudos "falsehood," both from pseudein "to lie, cheat, falsify."

Doruž-, from Mid.Pers. druž "false, untrue, deceptive" (Mod.Pers. doruq "lie"), drôzitan, druxtan "to lie;" O.Pers. drauga- "lie;" Av. drug- "to lie," družaiti "he lies, cheats;" cf. Skt. druhyati "he lies," drôha-, drôgha- "insult, injury," druh- "damage; ghost;" O.H.G. triogan "to deceive;" Ger. trügen "to deceive;" E. dream; PIE base *dhrugh- "to deceive, harm."

pseudo-bulge
  دروژ-کوژ   
doruž-kuž

Fr.: pseudo-bulbe   

A general designation for both → box-peanut and → disk-like bulges. Although both, as opposed to the → classical bulges, show important rotational support, they also have different properties.

pseudo-; → bulge.

pseudo-disk
  دروژ-گرده   
doruž-gerdé

Fr.: pseudo-disque   

A mass structure around a → protostar that resembles an → accretion disk, but is in fact a simple flattened envelope.

pseudo-; → disk.

pseudo-Euclidean space
  فضای ِ دروژ-اقلیدوسی   
fazâ-ye doruž-Oqlidosi

Fr.: espace pseudo-euclidien   

A real vector space of dimension n having a symmetric bilinear form (x, y) such that in some basis e1, ..., en, the quadratic form (x2) takes the form x12 + ... + xn - 12 - xn2. Such bases are called orthonormal.

pseudo-; → Euclidean; → space.

pseudo-nucleus
  دروژ-هسته   
doruž-hasté

Fr.: pseudo-noyau   

Same → false nucleus.

pseudo-; → nucleus.

pseudo-Riemannian space
  فضای ِ دروژ-ریمانی   
fazâ-ye doruž-Riemanni

Fr.: espace pseudo-riemannien   

A space with an affine connection (without torsion), at each point of which the tangent space is a → pseudo-Euclidean space (Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Kluwer Academic Publications, Editor in chief I. M. Vinogradov, 1991).

pseudo-; → Riemannian; → space.

pseudonym
  دروژنام   
doružnâm

Fr.: pseudonyme   

A fictitious name used by an author to conceal his or her identity; pen name (Dictionary.com).

pseudo-; → name.

pseudoscience
  دروژ-دانش   
doruž-dâneš

Fr.: pseudoscience   

Any set of ideas, methods, or assertions that claims to be objective and scientific but that in fact does not seriously value or attempt to apply objectivity and → scientific method to its endeavors. Pseudoscientific statements are usually not → falsifiable by means of → objective experimental or observational evidence, in contrast to scientific statements that can be refuted. Pseudoscience uses scientific-sounding terminology but totally lacks scientific support. Among pseudoscience examples are → astrology, scientology, clairvoyance, and parapsychology.

pseudo-; → science.

Ptolemaic astronomy
  اخترشناسی ِ بتلمیوس، ~ بطلمیوس   
axtaršenâsi-ye Batlamyus (#)

Fr.: astronomie ptoléméenne   

Ptolemaic system.

Ptolemaic system; → astronomy.

Ptolemaic system
  راژمان ِ بتلمیوس، ~ بطلمیوس   
râžmân-e Batlamyus

Fr.: système de Ptolémée   

An empirical model developed by Ptolemy about 150 A.D., in which a motionless Earth was the center of the Universe. The Sun, Moon, and planets revolved around the Earth in → eccentric circles and → epicycles. The fixed stars were attached to an outer sphere concentric with Earth. The Ptolemaic system gave the positions of the planets accurately enough for naked-eye observations, although it also had serious defects. As an extreme example, according to Ptolemy's model for the Moon, our satellite should appear to be almost twice as large when it is full than it is at quadrature, which is an absurdity since it is not seen as such.

Claudius Ptolemaeus was a mathematician, geographer, astronomer, and astrologer. The most influential of Greek astronomers, he lived in Roman Egypt, and was probably born there; he died in Alexandria in 165 A.D.; → system.

<< < -es -it -sc 201 951 abe abs abs aca acc acc aco act ada adh ado aer aft air Alf alg alk alp Alt alt amb ana And ang ani ann ant ant ant apo app app Apu arc arg Arn art ass ast ast ast atm ato att aur aut avo azi bac bal bar bar bat Bea Bel bet bia big bin bio Bir bla bla blo Blu bol Boo bou box bre Bri bro bur cal cal Can cap car Car cat cau cel cen cen cha Cha cha che Chi chr cir cir civ cla clo clo CMB coa coe coh col col col com com com com com com com com Com con con con con con con con con con con con con coo cor cor cor Cos cos cos cou cou cra cri cro cry cul cur cyc D l dar dat day dea dec dec dec def def deg Del Den dep der det deu dew dic dif dif dil dip dir dis dis dis dis dis diu dog Dop dou Dra Dsc dus dwa dyn Dys Ear ecc eco edg egg Ein Ela ele ele ele ele ell eme emp enc eng ent epi equ equ equ eru eth Eur eve exa exc exe exi exo exp ext ext ext fab fai Fan fea fem fer fie fil fir fir fla fli flu foc for for for fra fre fre fri fun fuz gal gal gal Gam gau Gau gen geo geo geo geo Gib glo gov gra gra gra gra gre gro Gui H-a hal Ham har Hay hea hei hel Hel her het hie hig hoa hom hor hot Hub Hug hur hyd hyd hyl hyp ice ide ima ima imp imp inc inc ind ine inf inf inf ing inn ins ins int int int int int int int int inv inv ion iro Isl iso iso Jab jet Jov Jup Kar Kep kil Kip Kra Lag Lam Lan Lar las law lea Leg Leo lev lig lim lin lin lin lit loc loc log Lor low lum lun lun Lym Mac mag mag mag mag mag mai Mal map mas mas mat Mau mea mea med Men mer Mes Met met mic mic Mie mil min Mir mix mod mol mom Moo mor mov mul mur n-b nan nat nea neg Ner neu new New NGC noc nom non non nor nor nuc nuc nul nut obj obl obs occ oct off old one ope opp opt opt orb ord org Ori osc oth ove Owl P-s Pal par par par par Pas pat pec pen per per per per per Pha pha pho pho pho phy pie pix Pla pla pla pla Pli Poi pol pol pol pol por pos pos pow pre pre pre pre pri pri pri pro pro pro pro pro pro pro pub pul pyc qua qua qua qua qui rad rad rad rad rad rad rai ran rar Ray rea Rea rec rec red red ref ref reg rel rel rel ren res res res res ret rev Ric rig rin roc roo rot rot rur S5- Sal sat sca sca Sch sci Scu sec sec sed sel sel sem seq set sha she sho sid sie sil sim sin sit sky slo sno sod sol sol sol sol son sou spa spa spe spe spe spe sph spi spo squ sta sta sta sta ste ste ste Sti sto str str sub sub sub sul sup sup sup sup sur sur syl syn sys tal Tay tel ten ter tex the the the the Tho thr tid tim Tit too Tor tra tra Tra tra Tra tri Tri tru tub tur two Typ ult ult unc uni uni uni upl ura uti val var vec vel ver Ver vie vir vis vis vol W-R war wav wav wea Wei wha wid win WN3 Wol wri xen yok zen zij > >>