An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
English-French-Persian

فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

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Number of Results: 82 Search : number
lepton number
  عدد ِ لپتونی   
adad-e leptoni (#)

Fr.: nombre leptonique   

In particle physics, a quantum number attributed to elementary particles which is conserved in nuclear reactions. It is +1 for a lepton, -1 for an antilepton and 0 for other particles.

lepton; → number.

Loschmidt's number
  عدد ِ لوشمیت   
adad-e Loschmidt

Fr.: nombre de Loschmidt   

The number of molecules in 1 cm3 of an ideal gas (2.687 x 1019 per cm3).

Joseph Loschmidt (1821-1895), Austrian physicist.

Mach number
  عدد ِ ماخ   
adad-e Mach (#)

Fr.: nombre de Mach   

The ratio of the speed of a moving object to the → sound speed in the medium through which the object is traveling.

Named after the Austrian physicist Ernst Mach (1838-1916); → number.

magnetic Prandtl number
  عدد ِ پرانتل مغناتیسی   
adad-e Prandtl-e meqnâtisi

Fr.: nombre de Prandtl magnétique   

A → dimensionless quantity used in → magnetohydrodynamics to describe the relative balance of → kinematic viscosity to → magnetic diffusion. It is described by: Pr = σμ0ν = ν/η, where σ is the → conductivity of the fluid, μ0 is the → magnetic permeability of the fluid, ν is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid, and η is the → magnetic diffusivity.

magnetic; → Prandtl number.

magnetic quantum number
  عدد ِ کو‌آنتومی ِ مغناتیسی   
adad-e kuântomi-ye meqnâtisi (#)

Fr.: nombre quantique magnétique   

In atomic physics, a quantum number that denotes the energy levels available within a subshell. Designated by the letter m, it is one of a set of quantum numbers which describe the unique quantum state of an electron.

magnetic; → quantum; → number.

magnetic Reynolds number
  عدد ِ رینولدز ِ مغناتیسی   
adad-e Reynolds-e meqnâtisi

Fr.: nombre de Reynolds magnétique   

A → dimensionless quantity used in → magnetohydrodynamics to describe the relative balance of → magnetic advection to → magnetic diffusion. It is given by: Rm = σμ0νLU0, where σ is the → conductivity of the fluid, μ0 is the → magnetic permeability of the fluid, L is he characteristic length scale of the fluid flow, and U0 the characteristic velocity of the flow. A typical value for the Earth is Rm ~ 200.

magnetic; → Reynolds number.

mass number
  عدد ِ جرمی   
adad-e jermi (#)

Fr.: nombre de masse   

The total number of → protons and → neutrons in the → atomic nucleus (symbol A). The mass number is written either after the → chemical element name or as a superscript to the left of an element's symbol. For example, the most common isotope of oxygen is oxygen-16, or 16O, which has 8 protons and 8 neutrons.

mass; → number.

natural number
  عدد ِ زاستاری   
adad-e zâstâri

Fr.: nombre naturel   

Either a member of the set of positive integers 1, 2, 3, ..., or the set of non-negative integers 0, 1, 2, 3, ... There seems to be no general agreement about whether to include 0 in the set of natural numbers.

natural; → number.

negative number
  عدد ِ ناییدار   
adad-e nâyidâr

Fr.: nombre négatif   

A → real number that is less than zero. A negative number is indicated by the → minus sign.

negative; → number.

number
  ۱) عدد، شماره؛ ۲) شمار   
1) adad (#), šomâré (#); 2) šomâr (#)

Fr.: 1) nombre, numéro; 2) numéro   

1) Any real or complex numeral quantity.
2) The sum, total, count, or aggregate of a collection of units.

From M.E. nombre, from O.Fr. nombre, from L. numerus "a number, quantity," from PIE base *nem- "to divide, distribute, allot."

Adad, loan from Ar.
Šomâr, šomâré, noun from šomârdan "to count, reckon, calculate, enumerate, account for," from Mid.Pers. ôšmârtan; Av. base (š)mar- "to have in mind, remember, recall," pati-šmar- "to recall; to long for," hišmar-; cf. Skt. smar- "to remember, become aware," smarati "he remembers;" L. memor, memoria; Gk. mermera "care," merimna "anxious thought, sorrow," martyr "witness."

number density
  چگالی ِ عددی   
cagâli-ye adadi

Fr.: densité nmérique   

Number of a particular type of object found in each unit volume.

number; → density.

number e
  عدد ِ e   
'adad-e e

Fr.: nombre e   

The → base of the → natural logarithm. It is defined as: e = lim (1 + 1/n)n when n→ ∞. For n = 1, e = 2 and for n = 10, e = 2.5937424601, etc. The number e is → irrational (Euler, 1737) and → transcendental (Hermite, 1873).

number;

number pi
  عدد ِ پی   
adad-e pi (π)

Fr.: nombre pi (π)   

Symbol, π, for the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter in Euclidean geometry; a fundamental mathematical constant, equal to 3.14159... π is an → irrational number (Lambert, 1761) and also a → transcendental number (von Lindemann, 1882). The most accurate determination of π prior to the Scientific Revolution belongs to the Iranian mathematician Jamshid Kashani, who gave 16 correct decimal places in A.D. 1424. With the advent of → calculus and more recently the invention of powerful computers, the decimal representation of π has now been computed to more than 1012 digits.

The π notation, representing the first letter of the Gk. word περιμετρον → perimeter, was first used by the British mathematician William Jones (1675-1749) in 1706. Its use was generalized after its adoption by the Swiss mathematician Leonard Euler (1707-1783) in 1737; → number.

number system
  راژمان ِ عددها، ~ عددی   
râžmân-e adadhâ, ~ adadi

Fr.: système de numération   

Same as → numeral system.

number; → system.

number system conversion
  هاگرد ِ راژمان ِ عددی   
hâgard-e râžmân-e adadi

Fr.: conversion de système de numération   

The conversion of a → number system with a given → base to another system with a different base; such as the conversion of a → decimal number (base 10) to a → binary number system (base 2). In order to convert a number into its representation in a different number base, we have to express the number in terms of powers of the other base. For example, to convert the decimal number 100 to base 3, we must figure out how to express 100 as the sum of powers of 3. We proceed as follows:
1: Divide the decimal number to be converted (100) by the value of the new base (3).
2: Get the remainder from Step 1 (that is 1) as the rightmost digit (least significant digit) of new base number.
3: Divide the quotient of the previous divide (33) by the new base.
4: Record the remainder from Step 3 (0) as the next digit (to the left) of the new base number.
Repeat Steps 3 and 4, getting remainders from right to left, until the quotient becomes zero in Step 3 (2 and 0).
The last remainder thus obtained (1) will be the most significant digit of the new base number.
Therefore, 10010 = 102013.
Conversely, to convert from another base to decimal we must:
1: Determine the column (positional) value of each digit.
2: Multiply the obtained column values (in Step 1) by the digits in the corresponding columns.
3: Sum the products calculated in Step 2. The total is the equivalent value in decimal.
For example, the binary number 1100100 is determined by computing the place value of each of the digits of the number:
(1 × 26) + (1 × 25) + (0 × 24) + (0 × 23) + (1 × 22) + (0 × 21) + (0 × 20) = 64 + 32 + 0 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 0 = 100.

number; → system; → conversion.

number theory
  نگره‌ی ِ عددها   
negare-ye adadhâ

Fr.: théories des nombres   

The branch of mathematics that studies the relationship between integers and their generalization.

number; → theory.

ordinal number
  عدد ِ رایه‌یی   
adad-e râye-yi

Fr.: nombre ordinal   

1) A number which defines the position or rank of something in a series, in contrast to → cardinal number. For example, first, second, tenth, etc.
2) In → set theory, the order type of a → well-ordered set. Also called ordinal.

ordinal; → number.

oxidation number
  شمار ِ اکسایش   
šomâr-e oksâyeš

Fr.: nombre d'oxydation   

The total number of electrons that an atom either gains or loses in order to form a chemical bond with another atom. In other words, the charge that atom would have if the compound was composed of ions. The oxidation number of an atom is zero in a neutral substance that contains atoms of only one element. Same as → oxidation state.

oxidation; → number.

perfect number
  عدد ِ فرساخت   
adad-e farsâxt

Fr.: nombre parfait   

An → integer that is equal to the → sum of its → positive  → divisors, not including itself. For example 6, because its positive divisors are 1, 2, and 3, and 1 + 2 + 3 = 6. Two other examples are 28 and 496.

perfect; → number.

pi number
  عدد ِ پی   
adad-e pi (π)

Fr.: nombre pi (π)   

Symbol, π, for the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter in Euclidean geometry; a fundamental mathematical constant, equal to 3.14159... π is an → irrational number (Lambert, 1761) and also a → transcendental number (von Lindemann, 1882). The most accurate determination of π prior to the Scientific Revolution belongs to the Iranian mathematician Jamshid Kashani, who gave 16 correct decimal places in A.D. 1424. With the advent of → calculus and more recently the invention of powerful computers, the decimal representation of π has now been computed to more than 1012 digits.

The π notation, representing the first letter of the Gk. word περιμετρον → perimeter, was first used by the British mathematician William Jones (1675-1749) in 1706. Its use was generalized after its adoption by the Swiss mathematician Leonard Euler (1707-1783) in 1737; → number.

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