An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
English-French-Persian

فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

   Homepage   
   


A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

<< < -gr eff Her Kip par ref > >>

Number of Results: 115 Search : ram
Hertzsprung-Russell diagram
  نمودار ِ هرتسپرونگ-راسل   
nemudâr-e Hertzsprung-Russell (#)

Fr.: diagramme de Hertzsprung-Russell   

A display of stellar properties using a plot of → effective temperature (or instead → color or → spectral type) along the abscissa versus → luminosity (or → absolute magnitude). The temperature is plotted in the inverse direction, with high temperatures on the left and low temperatures on the right. On the diagram the majority of stars are concentrated in a diagonal strip running from upper left to lower right, i.e. from high temperature-high luminosity → massive stars to low temperature-low luminosity → low-mass stars. This feature is known as the → main sequence. This is the locus of stars burning hydrogen in their cores (→ proton-proton chain). The lower edge of this strip, known as the → zero age main sequence (ZAMS), designates the positions where stars of different mass first begin to burn hydrogen in their cores. Well below the main sequence there is a group of stars that, despite being very hot, are so small that their luminosity is very small as a consequence. These are the class of → white dwarfs. These objects represent old and very evolved stars that have shed their outer layers to reveal a very small but extremely hot inner core. They are no longer generating energy but are merely emitting light as they cool (→ white dwarf cooling track). Stars with high luminosities but relatively low temperatures occupy a wide region above the main sequence. The majority of them have used up all the hydrogen in their cores and have expanded and cooled as a result of internal readjustment. Called → red giants, they are still burning helium in their cores (→ helium burning, → carbon burning). There are also stars with very high luminosities, resulting from their enormous outputs of energy, because they are burning their fuel at a prodigious rate. These are the → supergiants. They can be hot or cool, hence blue or red in color. Same as → H-R diagram.
See also:
asymptotic giant branch, → blue horizontal branch star, → extreme horizontal branch star, → field horizontal branch star, → Hayashi track, → horizontal branch, → post-asymptotic giant branch star, → red giant branch, → supra-horizontal branch star, → zero age horizontal branch star, → Humphreys-Davidson limit.

Named after the Danish Ejnar Hertzsprung (1873-1967) and the American Henry Norris Russell (1877-1957). However, the first H-R diagram was published not by Hertzpurung neither Russell, but by a PhD student of Karl Schwarzschild at Göttingen. The student was Hans Rosenberg (1879-1940), who in 1910 published the diagram for stars in the → Pleiades (Astronomische Nachrichten, Vol. 186 (4445), p. 71, 1910). Although Hertzpurung had a very preliminary diagram in 1908, his first proper diagram was published in 1911. Likewise, Russell published his version only in 1915 with the better and more numerous data then available (Nielsen, A.V., 1969, Centaurus 9, 219; Valls-Gabaud, D., 2002, Observed HR diagrams and stellar evolution, ASP Conf. Proceedings, Vol. 274. Edited by Thibault Lejeune and João Fernandes); → diagram.

Hess diagram
  نمودار ِ هس   
nemudâr-e Hess

Fr.: diagramme de Hess   

A diagram showing the relative density of occurrence of stars at various → color-magnitude positions of the → Hertzsprung-Russell diagram for a given → galaxy.

Named after R. Hess who originated it in 1924: "Die Verteilungsfunktion der absoluten Helligkeiten in ihrer Abhängigkeit vom Spektrum". Probleme der Astronomie. Festschrift fur Hugo v. Seeliger. Springer, Berlin. p. 265; → diagram.

histogram
  نمودار ِ ستونی   
nemudâr-e sotuni (#)

Fr.: histogramme   

A type of graphical representation, used in statistics, in which frequency distributions are illustrated by rectangles.

Histogram, from Gk. histo-, a combining form meaning "tissue," from histos "mast, loom, beam, warp, web," literally "that which causes to stand," from histasthai "to stand," from PIE *sta- "to stand" (cf. Pers. ist-, istâdan "to stand;" O.Pers./Av. sta- "to stand, stand still; set;" Skt. sthâ- "to stand;" L. stare "to stand;" Lith. statau "place;" Goth. standan); → -gram.

Nemudâr, → diagram + sotuni "column-like," from sotun "column," from Mid.Pers. stun, from O.Pers. stênâ "column," Av. stuna-, Skt. sthuna- "column."

hologram
  هرونگاشت   
harunegâšt (#)

Fr.: hologramme   

A three-dimensional image produced with the technique of → holography.

holo-; → -gram.

Hubble diagram
  نمودار ِ هابل   
nemudâr-e Hubble (#)

Fr.: diagramme de Hubble   

A plot of the → redshift of galaxies against their distance or against their → apparent magnitude.

Hubble; → diagram.

Hubble parameter
  پارامون ِ هابل   
pârânmun-e Hubble

Fr.: paramètre de Hubble   

Hubble-Lemaitre parameter.

Hubble; → parameter.

Hubble-Lemaitre parameter
  پارامون ِ هابل-لومتر   
pârânmun-e Hubble-Lemaître

Fr.: paramètre de Hubble-Lemaître   

The rate pf change of the → cosmic scale factor: H(t) = (dR/dt)/R. The Hubble parameter is a time-dependent quantity and therefore is not constant. The → Hubble-Lemaitre constant is the Hubble-Lemaître parameter measured today.

Hubble-Lemaitre law; → parameter.

Hunter diagram
  نمودار ِ هانتر   
nemudâr-e Hunter

Fr.: diagramme de Hunter   

A diagram where the surface → nitrogen  → chemical abundance of stars is plotted against their → projected rotational velocity (v sini).

I. Hunter et al., 2009, A&A, 496, 841; → diagram.

hydraulic ram
  قوچ ِ هیدرولیک   
quc-e hidrolik

Fr.: bélier hydraulique   

A device, which uses the energy of water flowing by gravity intermittently through a pipe to force a small portion of the water to a height greater than that of the source.

hydraulic; → ram.

hygrogram
  نم‌نگاشت   
namnegâšt (#)

Fr.: hygrogramme   

The graphical record made by a → hygrograph.

hygro- + → -gram.

impact parameter
  پارامون ِ برخورد   
pârâmun-e barxord

Fr.: paramètre d'impact   

1) A measure of the distance by which a collision fails being frontal.
2) In → gravitational lensing, the distance of closest approach of the light path to the → lensing object.
3) In → rainbows, the displacement of the → incident from an axis that passes through the center of the water droplet.

impact; → parameter

inertial frame
  چارچوب ِ لختی‌ناک، ~ لختی‌مند   
cârcub-e laxtinâk, ~ laxtimand

Fr.: référentiel galiléen   

inertial reference frame.

inertial; → frame.

inertial reference frame
  چارچوب ِ بازبرد ِ لختی‌ناک، ~ ~ لختی‌مند   
cârcub-e bâzbord-e laxtinâk, ~ ~ laxtimand

Fr.: référentiel galiléen   

A → reference frame or coordinate system in which there are no accelerations, only zero or uniform motion in a straight line. According to the special theory of relativity, it is impossible to distinguish between such frames by means of any internal measurement.

inertial; → reference; → frame.

intramercurial planet
  سیاره‌ی ِ فروتیری   
sayyâre-ye forutiri

Fr.: planète intramercurienne   

A hypothetical planet, named Vulcan, that once was believed to exist between the Sun and Mercury.

intra-; → Mercury; → planet.

intramolecular forces
  نیروها‌ی ِ درون‌ملکولی   
niruh-ye darunmolekuli

Fr.: intramoléculaire   

Within the molecule; occurring by a reaction between different parts of the same molecule.

intra-; → molecular.

ionization parameter
  پارامون ِ یونش   
pârâmun-e yoneš

Fr.: paramètre d'ionisation   

A ratio representing the number of ionizing photons to the number of electrons in a nebular emitting region.

ionization; → parameter.

Jablonski diagram
  نمودار ِ یابلونسکی   
nemudâr-e Jablonski

Fr.: diagram de Jablonski   

An energy schematic representing the → electronic states of a → molecule and the → transitions between them. The vertical axis shows energies whereas → energy states are grouped horizontally according to their spin → multiplicity. Radiation-less transitions are symbolized by usual arrows, while → radiative transitions are represented by wavy arrows. The vibrational ground states of each electronic state are indicated with thick lines and the higher → vibrational states with thinner lines.

Named after Aleksander Jablonski (1898-1980), a Polish physicist who was an expert in the field of luminescence and atomic optics; → diagram.

Kiel diagram
  نمودار ِ کیل   
nemudâr-e Kiel

Fr.: diagramme de Kiel   

A version of the → H-R diagram displaying stellar gravities (→ gravity, log g) against the corresponding → effective temperatures (Teff).

Named after the group of astrophysicists (W.-R. Hamann, W. Schmutz, U. Wessolowski) working at Kiel University (Germany), who introduced the diagram in 1980s; → diagram.

kilogram (kg)
  کیلوگرم   
kilogram (#)

Fr.: kilogramme   

The basic unit of mass in the → International System of Units (SI) and → MKS versions of the → metric system, equal to 1,000 → grams. The kilogram was until 2019 defined as the mass of the standard (international prototype) kilogram, a platinum-iridium cylinder kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM), at Sèvre, near Paris, France. Copies of this prototype are kept by the standards agencies of all the major industrial nations. A kilogram is equal to the mass of 1,000 cubic cm of water at 4°C (→ maximum density). According to the new (2019) definition, the kilogram is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the → Planck constant (h) to be 6.62607015 × 10-34 when expressed in the unit J.s, which is equal to kg m2 s-1, where the meter and the second are defined in terms of c and Δν Cs.

kilo-; → gram.

kilogram-force (kgf)
  کیلوگرم-نیرو   
kilogram-niru (#)

Fr.: kilogramme-force   

A metric unit of force which is equal to a mass of one kilogram multiplied by the standard acceleration due to gravity on Earth (9.80665 m sec-2). Therefore one (1) kilogram-force is equal to 1 kg × 9.80665 m sec-2 = 9.80665 → newtons.

kilogram; → force.

<< < -gr eff Her Kip par ref > >>