An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
English-French-Persian

فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

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Number of Results: 108 Search : ring
string
  تار، ریسمان   
târ, rismân

Fr.: corde   

1) General: A thin cord, usually made of twisted fibers, used for fastening, hanging, or tying. Something that resembles string in form or texture.
2) Music: A cord stretched across a musical instrument and vibrated to produce sound.
3) Subatomic string; → string theory.
4) → cosmic string.

M.E. string, streng; O.E. streng "line, cord, thread;" Du. streng,Ger. Strang "rope, cord;" PIE base *strenk- "stiff, tight."

Târ "thread, warp, string" (related to tur "net, fishing net, snare," tâl "thread" (Borujerdi dialect), tân "thread, warp of a web," from tanidan, tan- "to spin, twist, weave;" Mid.Pers. tanitan; Av. tan- to stretch, extend;" cf. Skt. tan- to stretch, extend;" tanoti "stretches," tántra- "warp; essence, main point;" Gk. teinein "to stretch, pull tight;" L. tendere "to stretch;" Lith. tiñklas "net, fishing net, snare," Latv. tikls "net;" PIE base *ten- "to stretch").
Rismân "thread, string, cord" variants rasan, ras, ris, razé, rajé, rijé, rešmé, Mid.Pers. rasan, cf. Skt. rajju- "rope, cord," L. restis "cord," Lith. resgis, rekstis "wicker basket," O.L.G. risch; PIE base *rezg- "to plait."

string theory
  نگره‌ی ِ ریسمان   
negare-ye rismân

Fr.: théorie des cordes   

The latest theory of fundamental physics in which the basic entity is a one-dimensional → brane rather than the "zero-dimensional" point of conventional elementary particle physics. The one-dimensional string-like objects exist in the normal four dimensions of → space-time plus additional dimensions, the total dimensions being ten, eleven, or twenty-six depending on the version of the theory. Particles are strings that vibrate in different ways to account for their various properties.

string; → theory.

submarine spring
  چشمه‌ی ِ زیر-دریایی   
cešme-ye zir-daryâ-yi

Fr.: source sous-marine   

Hydrology: A freshwater spring that emerges off the seashore.

submarine; → spring.

superclustering
  اَبَر-خوشه بندی   
abar-xuše bandi

Fr.:   

Grouping of galaxies in supercluster structure.

super-; → clustering

surface of last scattering
  رویه‌ی ِ واپسین پراکنش   
ruye-ye vâpasin parâkaneš

Fr.: surface de dernière diffusion   

Same as → last scattering surface.

surface; → last; → scattering.

Thomson scattering
  پراکنش ِ تامسون   
parâkaneš-e Thomson (#)

Fr.: diffusion de Thomson   

The classical, → non-relativistic scattering of photons by free charged particles. When an electromagnetic wave is incident on a charged particle, the electric and magnetic components of the wave exert a force on the particle, setting it into motion. As it accelerates, it in turn radiates in all directions. Such scattering is independent of wavelength and equal numbers of photons are scattered forward and backward. Thomson scattering occurs in stellar atmospheres and in any non-relativistic → plasma. Thomson scattering is normally taken as the minimum → opacity.

Thomson; → scattering.

vacuum birefringence
  دوشکست ِ دوخلأیی   
došekast-e jala'i

Fr.: biréfringence du vide   

A highly → magnetized vacuum behaving as a prism for the propagation of light, as predicted by → quantum electrodynamics (QED). Attempts to detect this phenomenon in the laboratory have not yet succeeded in the 80 years since it was predicted (Heisenberg & Euler, 1936, Z. Physik, 98, 714). This effect can be detected only in the presence of enormously strong → magnetic fields, such as those around → neutron stars. Owing to the large inferred magnetic fields (B ~ 1013 G, → gauss), radiation from these sources is expected to be substantially polarized, independently of the mechanism actually responsible for the → thermal emission. The strongest magnetic field so far created in a laboratory is less than 106 G lasting only for several tens of milliseconds. A large observed → polarization degree is, however, expected only if QED polarization effects are present in the magnetized vacuum around the star. The detection of a strongly → linearly polarized signal would therefore provide the observational evidence of QED effects in the strong-field regime. Recently a team of astrophysicists (Mignani et al. 2016, arXiv/1610.08323) have detected → linear polarization toward the neutron star RXJ1856.5-3754 (at a significant degree of around 16%). This finding is likely due to the boosting effect of vacuum birefringence occurring in the area of empty space surrounding the neutron star.

vacuum; → birefringence.

weathering
  سایند   
sâyand (#)

Fr.: altération atmosphérique   

Geology: The various processes, such as the actions of wind, rain, temperature changes and so forth, which mechanically and chemically cause exposed rocks to decompose.

From → weather + → -ing.

Sâyand, from sâyidan "to touch, to rub," variants sâbidan, pasâvidan; Khotanese sauy- "to rub;" Sogdian ps'w- "to touch;" ultimately Proto-Iranian *sau- "to rub."

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