An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
English-French-Persian

فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

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Number of Results: 179
ultraluminous
  اولتر-تابان   
ultar-tâbân

Fr.: ultralumineux   

The quality of an object whose → luminosity exceeds a certain value.

ultra-; → luminous.

ultraluminous infrared galaxy (ULIRG)
  کهکشانِ فروسرخ ِ اولتر-تابان   
kahkešân-e forusorx-e ultar-tâbân

Fr.: galaxie ultralumineuse en infrarouge   

A galaxy that emits more than 90% of its energy in the infrared (8-1000 µm) and whose infrared luminosity exceeds 1012 solar luminosities. → luminous infrared galaxy (LIRG). Quasars can also have such high or even higher bolometric luminosities. However LIRGs and ULIRGs emit the bulk of their energy in the infrared. Most of ULIRGs are found in merging and interacting galaxy systems. It is thought that their luminosity results from galactic collisions, which increase the rate of star formation.

ultraluminous; → infrared; → galaxy.

ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX)
  خن ِ پرتو ِ ایکس ِ اولتر-تابان   
xan-e partow-e iks-e ultar-tâbân

Fr.: source ultralumineuse en rayons X   

An X-ray source that is not in the nucleus of a galaxy, and is more luminous than 1039 ergs s-1, brighter than the → Eddington luminosity of a 10 → solar mass → black hole. In general, there is about one ULX per galaxy in galaxies which host ULXs. The Milky Way contains no such objects. ULXs are thought to be powered by → accretion onto a → compact object. Possible explanations include accretion onto → neutron stars with strong → magnetic fields, onto → stellar black holes (of up to 20 → solar masses) at or in excess of the classical Eddington limit, or onto → intermediate-mass black holes (103-105 solar masses). NGC 1313X-1, NGC 5408X-1, and NGC 6946X-1 are three ULXs with X-ray luminosities up to ~ 1040 erg s-1 (Ciro Pinto et al., 2016, Nature 533, N) 7601).

ultraluminous; → X-ray source.

ultrarelativistic
  اولتر-بازانیگی‌مند   
ultar-bazânigimand

Fr.: ultrarelativiste   

Describing a system or situation for which the → Lorentz factor, γ, is much larger than 1. See also → subrelativistic.

ultra- + → relativistic

ultrarelativistic gas
  گاز ِ اولتر-بازانیگی‌مند   
gâz-e ultar-bazânigimand

Fr.: gaz ultrarelativiste   

A gas composed of ultrarelativistic particles.

ultrarelativistic; → gas.

ultrashort-period Cepheid
  کفیءوسی ِ اولتر-کوتاه-دوره   
Kefeid-e ultar-kutâh-dowré

Fr.: céphéide à très courte période   

A → Cepheid star of → spectral type A-F with regular pulsation period of 1-3 hours and with small variations in amplitude. This group is also known as δ Scuti stars.

ultra-; → short; → period; → Cepheid.

ultrasonics
  اولتر-صداییک، اولتر-سداییک   
ultar-sedâyik

Fr.: physique des ultra-sons   

The branch of physics dealing with elastic waves of frequencies above 20 kHz to 1010 kHz propagated in solids, liquids, and gases.

ultra-; sonic from L. sonussound + → -ics.

ultrasound
  اولتر-صدا، اولتر-سدا   
ultar-sedâ

Fr.: ultra-son   

Sound with a frequency lying above the audition frequency range, usually taken to be about 20 kHz. → sound wave.

ultra- + → sound.

ultraviolet (UV)
  فرابنفش، اولتر-بنفش   
farâ-banafš, ultar-banafš

Fr.: ultraviolet   

The part of the electromagnetic radiation beyond the violet end of the visible spectrum with wavelengths approximately in the range 50 Å to 4,000 Å. → extreme ultraviolet; → far ultraviolet.

ultra-; → violet.

ultraviolet astronomy
  اخترشناسی ِ فرابنفش، ~ اولتر-بنفش   
axtaršenâsi-ye farâ-banafš, ~ ultar-banafš

Fr.: astronomie ultraviolette   

The study of astronomical objects in the ultraviolet portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, in the waveband 3000 Å to about 10 Å. At these wavelengths, the atmosphere prevents ultraviolet radiation from reaching the Earth surface. Therefore ground-based observatories cannot observe in the ultraviolet. Only with the advent of space-based telescopes has this area of astronomy become available for research.

ultraviolet; → astronomy.

ultraviolet catastrophe
  نگونزار ِ فرابنفش   
negunzâr-e farâbanafš

Fr.: catastrophe ultraviolette   

A → paradox encountered in the classical theory of → thermal radiation (→ Rayleigh-Jeans law), whereby a → blackbody should radiate an infinite amount of energy at infinitely short wavelengths, in contradiction with what is observed. The problem was solved by Max Planck in 1900, who suggested that, rather than being continuous, the energy comes in discrete parcels called → quanta. The avoidance of the ultraviolet catastrophe was one of the first great achievements of → quantum mechanics.

This problem was first raised by Lord Rayleigh (1842-1919), whereas the term ultraviolet catastrophe was first used by Paul Ehrenfest (1880-1933); → ultraviolet; → catastrophe.

ultraviolet excess
  فزونی ِ فرابنفش، فرهبود ِ اولتر-بنفش   
fozuni-ye farâbanafš, ferehbud-e ultar-banafš

Fr.: excès ultraviolet   

Ultraviolet emission from an object in excess of that expected for a reference. For example, → subdwarf stars show ultraviolet excess with respect to that expected from a star with → solar metallicity at a given → effective temperature. In this case, UV excess results from smaller → line blanketing in → population II stars.

ultraviolet; → excess.

ultraviolet star
  ستاره‌ی ِ فرابنفش، ~ ِ اولتر-بنفش   
setâre-ye farâbanafš, ~ ultar-banafš

Fr.: étoile ultraviolette   

A star, such as O types or hot central stars of planetary nebulae, which radiates essentially in the ultraviolet part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

ultraviolet; → star.

umbra
  سایه   
sâyé (#)

Fr.:ombre   

1) Optics: A dark area, especially the blackest part of a shadow from which all light is cut off. → penumbra.
2) Sun: The central darkest part of a → sunspot, which is also the coolest part (~ 4,200 K).

From L. umbra "shade, shadow."

Sâyé "shadow," from Mid.Pers. sâyak "shadow;" Av. a-saya- "throwing no shadow;" Skt. chāya- "shadow;" Gk. skia "shade;" Rus. sijat' "to shine;" M.H.G. schinen, O.H.G. skinan, Ger. Schein "glow, shine;" PIE base *skai- "bright."

Umbriel
  اومبریل   
Umbriel (#)

Fr.: Umbriel   

The thirteenth of Uranus's known satellites and the third largest. It has a diameter of 1170 km and orbits Uranus every 4.144 days at a mean distance of about 265,980 km. Umbriel is very dark, with an albedo of 0.18. It has a heavily cratered surface. Umbriel was discovered by William Lassell (1799-1880) in 1851.

Umbriel named for an evil spirit in Alexander Pope's (1688-1744) poem The Rape of the Lock. Moreover, Umbriel derives from L. → umbra "shadow," which fits the satellite's appearance.

un-
  نا-   
nâ- (#)

Fr.: in-, non-   

A prefix meaning "not."

M.E., O.E. un- (cf. O.Fris., O.H.G., Ger. un-, Goth. un-, Du. on-), cognate with Pers. nâ-, as below.

Nâ- "not," variants na "no, not," ma- "not" (prohitive); Mid.Pers. nê, ma "no, not;" O.Pers. naiy, nai "not;" Av. nôit, naē "not;" cf. Skt. "not;" L. ne-, in-, un-; Gk. ni; Lith. ; O.C.S. ne "not;" E. un-, as above; PIE *ne-.

unaided eye
  چشم ِ بی‌یاور، ~ ِ برهنه   
cašm-e biyâvar, ~ berehné

Fr.: œil nu   

The eye unassisted by an optical instrument, except for eyeglasses. Same as → naked eye.

un- + aided, from aid, M.E. ayde, from O.Fr. aidier, from L. adjutare, frequentative of adjuvare "to give help to," from → ad- "to" + juvare "to help;" → eye.

Cašm, → eye; biyâvar "without help," from bi- "without" + yâvar, variant yâr "helper; companion" (Mid.Pers. hayyâr "helper," hayyârêh "help, aid, assistance," Proto-Iranian *adyāva-bara-, cf. Av. aidū- "helpful, useful"); berehné, → naked.

unavoidable
  ناتسنیدنی   
nâtosnidani

Fr.: inévitable   

Impossible to avoid.

avoid; → -ance.

unbiased
  بی‌وَرَک   
bi-varak

Fr.: non biaisé   

Not biased or prejudiced.
Statistics: With an expected value that is equal to the parameter being estimated.

un- + → biased.

Bi- "without" + varak, → bias.

unbiased estimator
  بر‌آور ِ بی‌وَرَک   
barâvar-e bi-varak

Fr.: estimateur non biaisé   

A sample statistics when the mean of the sampling distribution of that statistic can be shown to be equal to the parameter being estimated.

unbiased; → estimator.

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