An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
English-French-Persian

فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

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Number of Results: 10 Search : valence
covalence
  هم ارزایی   
ham-arzâyi

Fr.: covalence   

Chemistry: The number of covalent bonds which an atom can from. The sharing of electrons to form chemical bonds. → equivalence.

From → co- + valence, from L. valentia "strength, worth," valere "to be worth; be strong."

Ham-arzâyi, from ham-co- + arzâyi, from arzidan "to be worth," arzân "worthy; of small value, cheap," arj "esteem, honour, price, worth," Mid.Pers. arz "value, worth," arzidan "be worth," arzân "valuable;" Av. arəjaiti "is worth," arəja- "valuable," arəg- "to be worth;" cf. Skt. arh- "to be worth, to earn," árhant- "worthy person;" Gk. alphanein "to bring in as profit," alphein "to ear, obtain;" Lith. algà "salary, pay;" PIE base *algwh- "to earn; price, value."

Einstein equivalence principle
  پروز ِ هموگ-ارزی ِ اینشتین   
parvaz-e hamug-arzi-ye Einstein

Fr.: principe d'équivalence d'Einstein   

The → equivalence principle as stated by Einstein, on which is based the theory of → general relativity. It comprises the three following items:
1) The → weak equivalence principle is valid.
2) The outcome of any local non-gravitational experiment is independent of the velocity of the freely-falling → reference frame in which it is performed. Also known as → local Lorentz invariance.
3) The outcome of any local non-gravitational experiment is independent of where and when in the Universe it is performed. Also called → local position invariance.

Einstein; → equivalence; → principle.

equivalence
  هموگ‌ارزی   
hamug-arzi (#)

Fr.: équivalence   

The state or fact of being equivalent; equality in value, force, significance, etc. → covalence.

From M.F. from M.L. æquivalentia, from L. æquivalent-, → equivalent.

Hamug-arzi, noun of hamug-arz, → equivalent.

equivalence principle
  پروز ِ هموگ‌ارزی   
parvaz-e hamug-arzi

Fr.: principe d'équivalence   

A fundamental concept of physics, put forward by A. Einstein, that states that gravitational and inertial forces are of a similar nature and indistinguishable. In other words, acceleration due to gravity is equivalent to acceleration due to other forces, and gravitational mass is the same as inertial mass. Same as the → principle of equivalence.

equivalence; → principle.

mass-energy equivalence
  هموگ‌ارزی ِ جرم-کاروژ   
hamug-arzi-ye jerm-kâruž

Fr.: équivalence masse-énergie   

The principle of interconversion of mass and energy, described by the → mass-energy relation.

mass; → energy; → equivalence.

principle of equivalence
  پَروز ِ هموگ‌ارزی   
parvaz-e hamug-arzi

Fr.: principe d'équivalence   

In → general relativity the principle which states that in the immediate proximity of an → accelerating system the acceleration is physically equivalent to → gravitational force. This principle also implies the equivalence of → gravitational mass and → inertial mass. Same as the → equivalence principle. See also → Einstein's elevator.

principle; → equivalence.

valence
  ارزایی   
arzâyi

Fr.: valence   

A measure of the number of chemical bonds formed by the atoms of a given element. It represents the relative ability of an atom of an element to combine with other atoms. For example, the valence of O in water, H2O, is 2. Also called valency.

M.E., from O.Fr., from L valentia "strength, worth," from valentem (nominative valens), pr.p. of valere "to be strong."

Arzâyi, noun from arzâ, agent noun/adj. from arzidan "to be worth," arzân "worthy; of small value, cheap," arj "esteem, honour, price, worth" (Mid.Pers. arz "value, worth," arzidan "be worth," arzân "valuable;" Av. arəjaiti "is worth," arəja- "valuable," arəg- "to be worth;" cf. Skt. arh- "to be worth, to earn," árhant- "worthy person;" Gk. alphanein "to bring in as profit," alphein "to ear, obtain;" Lith. algà "salary, pay;" PIE base *algwh- "to earn; price, value").

valence band
  باند ِ ارزایی   
bând-e arzâyi

Fr.: bande de valence   

The range of energy states in the spectrum of a solid crystal which includes the energies of all the electrons binding the crystal together.

valence; → band.

valence electron
  الکترون ِ ارزایی   
elektron-e arzâyi

Fr.: électron de valence   

An electron of an atom lying farthest from the nucleus. Valence electrons are shared when atoms combine to form molecules.

valence; → electron.

weak equivalence principle
  پروز ِ هموگ‌ارزی ِ نزار   
parvaz-e hamug-arzi-ye nezâr

Fr.: principe d'équivalance faible   

All structureless bodies fall along the same → path in a → gravitational field, independent of their composition. Also known as → universality of free fall. See also: → equivalence principle, → Einstein equivalence principle.

weak; → equivalence; → principle.