An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
English-French-Persian

A → claculus based on the properties of the successive values of → variable quantities and their → differences or → increments.

→ calculus, → finite, → difference.

Afmârik, → calculus, degarsânihâ, plural of degarsân, → difference, karânmand, → finite.

Clearly defined or determined; having fixed limits. → definite integral.

From L. definitus "limited, precise," p.p. of definire, → define.

Hedârmand from hedâr, stem of hedârdan, → define, + -mand possession suffix.

An integral with upper and lower limits.

→ definite; → integral.

1) Math: The opposite of → infinite.
2) Physics: Either non-infinite or non-zero.

From L. finitus, p.p. of finire "to limit, set bounds, end."

Karânmand, from karân "boundary, side, end, coast" + -mand adjective suffix. Karân, variants karâné, kenâr, from Mid.Pers. karân, karânak, kenâr "edge, limit, boundary," Av. karana- "side, boundary, end."

A → statistical population consisting of individuals or items which are finite in number.

→ finite; → population.

A sum a₁ + a₂ + a₃ + · · · + a_N, where the a_i's are real numbers. In terms of Σ-notation, it is written as a₁ + a₂ + a₃ + · · · + a_N = Σ (n = 1 to N).  See also → infinite series.

→ finite; → series.

A → set whose elements can be numbered from 1 to n, for some positive integer n.

→ finite; → set.

Not → definite; without fixed or specified limit.

From → in- "not, without" + → definite.

Math.: An integral without upper and lower limits. The general antiderivative of a function. → definite integral.

→ definite; → integral.

Unlimited or unmeasurable in extent of space, duration of time, etc.
Math.: Not finite; an infinite quantity or magnitude; large beyond bound.
Of a set, having elements that can be put into one-to-one correspondence with a subset that is not the given set.

→ in- + → finite.

A → statistical population consisting of individuals or items which either possesses the infinite property through some limiting process or is non-enumerable. For example, the population of all → real numbers between 0 and 1 and the population of all → integers are examples of infinite population. In case of random sampling with replacement, any population is always infinite.

→ infinite; → population.

A series with infinitely many terms, in other words a series that has no last term, such as 1 + 1/4 + 1/9 + 1/16 + · · · + 1/n² + ... . The idea of infinite series is familiar from decimal expansions, for instance the expansion π = 3.14159265358979... can be written as π = 3 + 1/10 + 4/10² + 1/10³ + 5/10⁴ + 9/10⁵ + 2/10⁶ + 6/10⁷ + 5/10⁸ + 3/10⁹ + 5/10¹⁰ + 8/10¹¹ + ... , so π is an "infinite sum" of fractions. See also → finite series.

→ infinite; → series.

A set which can be put in a one-to-one correspondence with part of itself.

→ infinite; → set.

General: Indefinitely or exceedingly small.
Math.: A variable that approaches zero as a limit. A quantity decreasing indefinitely without actually becoming zero.

Infinitesimal, coined by Ger. philosopher and mathematician Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716) from N.L. infinitesim(us) "infinite in rank," from infinit(us), → infinite, + -esimus suffix of ordinal numerals + → -al.

Bikarânxord, from bikarân "unbounded, unlimited, infinite," from bi- "without" + karân "boundary, side, end" (variants karâné, kenâr, from Mid.Pers. karân, karânak, kenâr "edge, limit, boundary," Av. karana- "side, boundary, end") + xord "minute, little, small" (from Mid.Pers. xvart, xôrt "small, insignificant;" Av. ādra- "weak, dependent;" Skt. ādhrá- "small, weak, poor," nādh "to be oppressed;" Gk. nothros "sluggish;" PIE base *nhdhro-).

The body of rules and processes by means of which continuously varying magnitudes are dealt with in → calculus. The combined methods of mathematical analysis of → differential calculus and → integral calculus.

→ infinitesimal, → calculus.