An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
English-French-Persian

1) Physics: Any of the distinct patterns of oscillation that a given periodically varying system can have.
2) Math.: In a series of statistical data, the item or value which occurs most frequently. It is a measure of central tendency.

Mode, from Fr. mode, from L. modus "measure, rhythm, song, manner," from PIE base *med- "to measure, limit, judge, advise;" cf. L. meditari "to think or reflect upon, consider;" Av. mad- "to measure out, apportion, allot;" Gk. medein "to rule;" O.E. metan "to measure out."

Tarz "manner, mode," Arabicized as طرز. Tarz may be related to Av. darəsa- "appearance, looking" (huuarə.darəsa- "having the appearance of the sun"), from Av. darəs- "to look;" cf. Skt. darś-, drś- "to see, appear, look, show" darśa- "apperance, look," drśta- "apparent, visible."
Mod, loan from Fr., cognate with Av. mad- "to measure out, apportion, allot," as above.

1a) A mathematical representation of a process, system, or object developed to understand its behavior or to make predictions. The representation always involves certain simplifications and assumptions. See also → theory, → hypothesis.
1b) A mental image of a phenomenon using familiar terms (or images). For example, in the Bohr model the atom is visualized as a nucleus with electrons orbiting around it in a manner similar to the way that planets revolve around the Sun. While this model is use ul in understanding the atom, it is an over-simplified description of a real atom and does not describe/predict all of its attributes (G. Smooth, Lawrence Berkeley Lab website).
2) To make or construct a model of.

M.Fr. modelle (Fr. modèle), from It. modello "a model, mold," from V.L. *modellus, from L. modulus "measure, standard," from modus "manner, measure" (cf. Av. mad-, → mode), PIE *med- + -ulus, → -ula.

1) Model, from Fr. modèle. Tarzâl, from tarz, → mode + -âl, → -al.
2) Model sâxtan, from model + sâxtan, sâzidan "to build, make, fashion; to adapt, adjust, be fit" (from Mid.Pers. sâxtan, sâz-, Manichean Parthian s'c'dn "to prepare, to form;" Av. sak- "to understand, to mark," sâcaya- (causative) "to teach").
Tarzâlidan, from tarzâl + -idan infinitive suffix.

In a theoretical analysis, the solution that does not correctly treat the intervening parameters, or neglects some crucial factors.

→ model. dependence, noun of → dependent.

The simulation of a process, concept, or operation of a system often implemented by a computer program and making use of a mathematical treatment.

Verbal noun of → model

1) Relating or belonging to present and recent time. → modern physics.
2) Of or pertaining to the historical period following the Middle Ages.
3) Of the latest, most advanced kind, or using the most advanced equipment and techniques available.

From M.Fr. moderne, from L.L. modernus, from L. modo "lately, just now," from modo "to the measure," ablative of modus "manner, measure," → mode.

Novin, from now, → new, + -in adj. suffix, as in dirin, pasin, barin, kehin, mehin, behin, zirin, zabarin, pâyin, bâlâyin.

The physics developed since about 1900, which includes Einstein's → relativity theory and → quantum mechanics, as distinguished from → classical physics. Much of modern physics is concerned with the behavior of matter and energy under extreme conditions or on the very small scale.

→ modern; → physics.

1) Modern spirit or character.
2) Modern usage, expression, or trait.
3) In early 20th century art, literature, and architecture, a movement characterized by the use of unconventional subject matter and style, experimental technique, etc.

→ modern + → -ism.

1) An admirer of modern ideas, ways, etc.
2) Someone who practises or advocates → Modernism.

→ modern + → -ist.

1) The quality of being → modern.
2) A rather diffuse term with many meanings depending on the disciplinary context. Generally, modernity refers to the cultural, intellectual, and economic consequences of the → Enlightenment and the epoch with which they are associated. Modernity is the end result of the → modernization process.

→ modern + → -ity.

1) The act of modernizing; the state of being modernized; something modernized.
2) A pattern of social and economic change initiated in the 17th century in Western Europe and subsequently extended to many other parts of the world. Its characteristics include secularization, rationalization in political and economic life, industrialization, urbanization, and increased level of popular involvement in public affairs.

Verbal noun of → modernize; → -tion.

To bring something up to modern standards, or adapt it to modern style, conditions, etc.

→ modern + → -ize.

A model concerned with the distribution in size of → interstellar grains to account for observations of → interstellar extinction from 0.11 μm to 1.0 μm. The → distribution has the form N(a)da ∝ a^-3.5da, where a is the grain radius. It extends from 5 nm to 1 μm for → graphite and over a narrower range for other materials.

MNR, the initials of authors J. S. Mathis, W. Rumpl, and K. H. Nordsiek (1977, ApJ 217, 425), who introduced the mode; → dust; → model.

In hydrodynamic instability theory, a wave solution the amplitude of which does not change with time; it neither grows nor decays. Also called neutral wave.

→ neutral; → mode.

The prediction of the evolution of a system via numerical construction of approximate solutions to the governing equations.

→ numerical; → modeling.

A stellar model in which the rotation axis is tilted relative to the magnetic dipole axis. As the star rotates, observable quantities (e.g. the line-of-sight component of the magnetic field, stellar brightness, emission lines) are modulated according to the rotational period. Such a model was first put forward by D. Stibbs (1950, MNRAS, 110, 395).

→ oblique; → rotator; → model.

Same as → pulsation mode.

→ oscillation; → mode.

Acoustic waves trapped inside stars, which act as a resonating cavity, exhibiting millions of oscillation modes or standing waves. Same as → pressure mode. P-mode oscillations in the Sun have frequencies in the 0.2-5.5 mHz range. They are particularly intense in the 2-4 mHz range, where they are often referred to as solar "5-minute oscillations." See also → pulsation mode.

P, referring to pressure; → mode.

A model of galaxy formation in which regions of primordial gas as massive as clusters of galaxies began to collapse into thin sheets (pancakes). Within the pancakes, smaller regions of gas later collapsed to form individual galaxies.

→ pancake; → model.

A mathematical model that reproduces the diurnal rotation of the Earth and is used to direct a telescope toward a precise position on the sky.

→ pointing; → model.

Any of a number of trends or styles in architecture, philosophy, literature, and art developed in the latter part of the 20th century often in reaction to → modernism. In philosophy, postmodernists claim that value systems are concoctions of human partial knowledge rather than systems reflecting universal objective truth. The most influential early postmodern philosophers include Jean Baudrillard, Jean-François Lyotard, and Jacques Derrida.

The term postmodernism was first coined by architects to designate an architectural response against the earlier Bauhaus style, which was characterized by box-like apartment buildings, the absence of ornamentation and harmony between the function of a building and its design; → post- + → modernism.