An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
English-French-Persian

A rotating charged black hole. Compare with the → Kerr black hole and the → Reissner-Nordstrom black hole.

Named after Roy P. Kerr and Ezra T. Newman (1929-) who in 1963 independently found this solution to Einstein's → field equations; → black; → hole.

1) The range of frequencies or wavelengths over which radiations are absorbed or emitted in a transition between a specific pair of atomic energy levels. The full width is determined between half-power points of the line.
2) In a laser, the range of frequencies over which most of the beam energy is distributed.

→ line; → width.

A modification of the Newton's law of gravitation below a critical acceleration of about 1.2 x 10^-8 cm s^-2, where the gravitational force scales as 1/r instead of 1/r². Originally put forward to describe the rotation curves of galaxies with no need to assume any dark matter, MOND is now tested at larger cosmological scales (Milgrom, M. 1983, ApJ, 270, 365).

→ modify; → Newtonian dynamics.

Of recent origin, production.
Of a kind now existing or appearing for the first time. → new moon; → New General Catalogue (NGC).

O.E. neowe, niowe, niwe; cf. Du. nieuw, Ger. neu, Dan., Swed. ny; cognate with Pers. now, as below, L. novus "new, recent, fresh" (Fr. nouveau, neuf), from PIE *neu- "new, young."

Now, from Mid.Pers. nôg "new, fresh;" Av. nauua- "new, fresh;" cf. Skt. náva- "new, fresh, young;" Gk. neos "new, young;" L. novus, as above, cognate with E. new, as above.

A catalogue of 7,840 non-stellar objects compiled by J. L. E. Dreyer and published in 1888. A further 1,529 objects were listed in a supplement that appeared seven years later, called the → Index Catalogue (IC). The Second Index Catalogue of 1908 extended the supplementary list to 5,386 objects.

→ new; → general; → catalog

A space mission by → NASA whose main goal is to study the → dwarf planet Pluto and it satellites. New Horizons was launched on January 19, 2006; it swung past → Jupiter for a → gravity assist and scientific studies in February 2007, and conducted a six-month-long reconnaissance → flyby study of → Pluto and its moons in summer 2015, culminating with Pluto closest approach on July 14, 2015. It flew 12,500 km above the surface of Pluto, making it the first spacecraft to explore the dwarf planet. Its science payload includes seven instruments: Ralph (visible and infrared imager/spectrometer), Alice (ultraviolet imaging spectrometer), REX (Radio Science EXperiment), LORRI (Long Range Reconnaissance Imager), SWAP (Solar Wind Around Pluto), PEPSSI: (Pluto Energetic Particle Spectrometer Science Investigation), and SDC: (Student Dust Counter). As part of an extended mission, New Horizons has maneuvered for a flyby of → Kuiper belt object 2014 MU69, expected to take place on January 1, 2019, when it is 43.4 → astronomical units (AU) from the Sun.

→ new; → horizon.

The Moon's phase when it is at the same celestial longitude as the Sun and thus totally un-illuminated as seen from Earth.

→ new; → moon.

The unit of force in the SI system of units. 1 newton (N) is defined as the force required to give a mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 m s^-2. 1 N = 10⁵  → dynes.

Named after Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727), the English highly prominent physicist and mathematician.

Same as the → gravitational constant.

→ Newton; → constant.

The arrangement of the seven colors of the rainbow on a disk. When the disk rotates very fast, the eye cannot distinguish between individual colors and the disk is perceived as white. This apparatus demonstrates the discovery made by Newton (Opticks, 1704) that light is composed of seven colors.

→ Newton; → color; → wheel.

Same as the → gravitational constant.

→ Newton; → constant.

A device consisting of a series of equal → pendulums in a row used to demonstrate the laws of → conservation of momentum and → conservation of energy.

→ Newton; → cradle.

→ Newton's color wheel.

→ Newton; → disk.

In → geometric optics, an expression relating the → focal lengths of an → optical system (f and f') and the object x and image x' distances measured from the respective focal points. Thus, ff' = xx'. Same as Newton's formula.

→ Newton; → equation.

A body continues in its state of constant velocity (which may be zero) unless it is acted upon by an external force.

→ Newton; → first; → law; → motion.

An approximate empirical relation between the rate of → heat transfer to or from an object and the temperature difference between the object and its surrounding environment. When the temperature difference is not too large: dT/dt = -k(T - T_s), where T is the temperature of the object, T_s is that of its surroundings, t is time, and k is a constant, different for different bodies.

→ Newton; → law; → cooling.

The universal law which states that the force of attraction between any two bodies is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them: F = G (m₁.m₂)/r², where G is the → gravitational constant.

→ Newton; → law; → gravitation.

The three fundamental laws which are the basis of → Newtonian mechanics. They were stated in Newton's Principia (1687). → Newton's first law, → Newton's second law , → Newton's third law.

→ Newton; → law; → motion.

Same as the → Newton-Raphson method.

→ Newton; → method.

Colored circular → fringes formed when light beams reflected from two polished, adjacent surfaces, placed together with a thin film of air between them, interfere. → interference.

→ Newton; → ring.