An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
English-French-Persian

1) Cause to feel upset, annoyed, or resentful.
2) Commit an illegal act; break a commonly accepted rule or principle (OxfordDictionaries.com).

M.E. offenden, from O.Fr. ofendre "transgress, antagonize," and directly from L. offendere "to hit, strike against," figuratively "to stumble, commit a fault, displease," from assimilated form of ob "in front of against" + -fendere "to strike, push," from PIE root *g^when- "to strike, kill;" cf. Av. -γna- "slaying," → murder.

Âfandidan, from âfand "strife, war," probably from Proto-Iranian *â-fanda-, from prefix *â- + *fanda-, from *fan- "to move;" cf. Yazghulami fin-/fud "to descend, come down," fəndan- "to bring down;" Roshani sifan-, Bartangi sifân- "to rise;" Skt. phan- "to jump" (Cheung 2007).

A person who commits an illegal act; a person or thing that does something wrong or causes problems (OxfordDictionaries.com).

→ offend; → -er.

1) A breach of a law or rule; an illegal act.
2) Annoyance or resentment brought about by a perceived insult to or disregard for oneself.
3) The action of attacking someone or something (OxfordDictionaries.com).

M.E. offence, offense, from O.Fr. ofense and directly from L. offensa "an offense, affront, crime," literally "a striking against," noun use of fem. p.p. of offendere, → offend.

1) Causing resentful displeasure; highly irritating, angering, or annoying.
2) The position or attitude of aggression or attack (Dictionary.com).

→ offense; → -ive.

1) A shift in the pointing position of a telescope with respect to a reference position.
2) Another term for the → bias in → CCD detectors.
3) Surveying: A short distance measured perpendicularly from a main survey line.

→ off- + → set.

Ap-, → off-; + neh present stem of nehâdan "to place, put; to set" Mid.Pers. nihâtan; Av. ni- "down; below; into," → ni-, + dā- "to put; to establish; to give," dadāiti "he gives;" cf. Skt. dadāti "he gives;" Gk. didomi "I give;" L. do "I give;" PIE base *do- "to give."

Guiding an astronomical exposure on a star, when the object of interest is nearby, but invisible.

→ offset; → guiding.

The upper bound to the mass of a → neutron star, the mass beyond which the pressure of neutron → degenerate matter is not capable of preventing the → gravitational collapse which will lead to the formation of a → black hole. Modern estimates range from approximately 1.5 to 3.0 → solar masses. The uncertainty in the value reflects the fact that the → equation of state for → overdense matter is not well-known.

Oppenheimer, J.R., Volkoff, G.M., 1939, Physical Review 55, 374. Named after Robert Oppenheimer (1904-1967), an American theoretical physicist, and George Volkoff (1914-2000), a Canadian physicist, who first calculated this limit. Oppenheimer is widely known for his role as the scientific director of the Manhattan Project, the World War II effort to develop the first nuclear weapons at the secret Los Alamos laboratory in New Mexico; → limit.

The water or other liquids that drains or flows from the land into streams and rivers, eventually into seas.

From → run + → off.

Ravânâb, literally "flowing water," from ravân "flowing, running," pr.p. of raftan "to go, walk; to flow" (Mid.Pers. raftan, raw-, Proto-Iranian *rab/f- "to go; to attack" + âb, → water.

1) A small road that branches off from a larger one, or a place where one diverges from a former course.
2) An act of turning off.

→ turn; → off.

Rahgašt, from rah, variant râh "path, way," → Milky Way, + gašt, → turn.

Same as → main-sequence turnoff.

→ turnoff; → point.

A star that has ended → hydrogen burning in its core but is still burning hydrogen in a shell that surrounds the core, just before evolving into a → red giant.

→ turnoff; → star.

Same as → upper mass limit.

→ upper; → mass; → cut-off.