An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
English-French-Persian

Two line segments if they have the same length. They need not lie at the same angle or position on the plane.

→ congruent; → line; → segment.

Number theory: An → integer N if there exists a → right triangle with → rational sides so that the area of the triangle is N. For example, the number N = 6, because of the 3-4-5 triangle.

→ congruent; → number.

Polygons that have an equal number of sides, and all the corresponding sides and angles are congruent. However, they can be in a different location, rotated or flipped over.

→ congruent; → polygon.

Two triangles when all corresponding sides and interior angles have the same measure. The triangles will have the same shape and size, but one may be a mirror image of the other.

→ congruent; → triangle.

Same as → conic section.

Adj. from → cone.

A curve which may be represented as the intersection of a plane with a cone; hence a → parabola, → hyperbola, or → ellipse.

→ cone; → section.

1a) The formation or expression of an opinion or theory without sufficient evidence for proof. → mathematical conjecture.
1b) An opinion or theory so formed or expressed; → guess; → speculation.
2) To conclude or suppose from grounds or evidence insufficient to ensure reliability (Dictionary.com).

An opinion or theory formed without sufficient evidence for proof; guess; speculation.

M.E., from O.Fr. conjecture "surmise, guess," or directly from L. coniectura "conclusion, interpretation, guess, inference," literally "a casting together (of facts, etc.)," from coniectus, p.p. of conicere "to throw together," from → com- "together" + iacere "to throw," → eject.

Hâšan, from hâ-, variant ham-, → com-, + šan, from ešândan "to throw out," → eject.

1) An element of a group related to a given element x by y = z^-1xz or zy = xz, where z is another element of the group. Also known as → transform.
2) To → inflect a verb.

From L. conjugare "to join together," from → com- "together" + jugare "to join," from jugum "yoke," from PIE *yeug- "to join;" cf. Av. yaog- "to yoke, put to; to join, unite," Mid.Pers. jug, ayoxtan "to join, yoke," Mod.Pers. yuq "yoke," Skt. yugam "yoke," Hittite yugan "yoke;" Gk. zygon "yoke," zeugnyanai "to join, unite," O.C.S. igo, O.Welsh iou, Lith. jungas O.E. geoc.

Hamyuq, from ham- "together," → com- + yuq "yoke," from PIE *yeug- "to join," as above.

Two angles whose sum is 360° or 2π radians.

→ conjugate; → angle.

One of the two diameters of a conic, so related that a tangent at the end of one is parallel to the other.

→ conjugate; → axis.

The conjugate of a → complex number, expressed by ū = a - bi. The complex number and its conjugate have the same real part. Same as → complex conjugate.

→ conjugate; → complex; → number.

If q_j (j = 1, 2, ...) are generalized coordinates of a classical dynamical system, and L is its Lagrangian, the momentum conjugate to q_j is p_j = ∂L/∂q. Also known as canonical momentum.

→ conjugate; → momentum.

Two points positioned along the principal axis of a mirror or lens so that light coming from one focuses onto the other.

→ conjugate; → point.

Of an optical ray, the parallel ray that passes through the center of the → optical system.

→ conjugate; → ray.

Of an m x n→ matrix  A with → complex  → elements, the n x m matrix A^* obtained from A by taking the → transpose and then taking the → complex conjugate of each element. Same as → adjoint matrix or Hermitian transpose.

→ conjugate; → transpose.

1) Math: An operation of a group G on itself which associates with each ordered pair (x,y) of elements in the group the element xyx^-1.
2) Grammar: The → inflection of verbs.

Verbal noun form of → conjugate.

Hamyuqeš, from ham-, as above + yuqeš verbal noun of yuqidan "to yoke, join," from yuq "yoke," from PIE *yeug- "to join," → conjugate.

Any of the component statements of a → conjunction.

→ conjunction.

1) A position of two bodies in the → solar system when they have the same → celestial longitude, seen from the Earth. The bodies can be a → planet and the → Sun, two planets or the → Moon and a planet. The → superior planets are in conjunction with the Sun, when, seen from the Earth, they are right behind the Sun. The → inferior planets, such as Mercury and Venus, have two conjunctions with the Sun: → inferior conjunction, when they are between the Earth and the Sun, and → superior conjunction, when they are on the other side of the Sun.
2) Logic: A → proposition of the form "A and B" (A ∧ B), where A and B are themselves propositions. For example, if A is "It is 8 O'clock" and B is "We are late," then A∧ B is "It is 8 O'clock and we are late." A and B are called → conjuncts. The conjunction of A and B is → true only if A and B are both true.
3) Grammar: A word that connects words, phrases, or clauses, or sentences. Examples are: and, or, but, because, however, neither.

M.E. conjunccio(u)n, from O.Fr. conjonction, from L. conjunctionem, p.p. of conjugare "to join together," from → com- "together" + jugare "to join," from jugum "yoke," from PIE *yeug- "to join;" Av. yaog- "to yoke, put to; to join, unite;" Mid.Pers. jug, ayoxtan "to join, yoke;" Mod.Pers. yuq "yoke," variant juh, → yoke; Skt. yugam "yoke;" Hittite yugan "yoke;" Gk. zygon "yoke," zeugnyanai "to join, unite;" O.C.S. igo; O.Welsh iou; Lith. jungas; O.E. geoc.

Hamistân "standing together," from ham- "together," → com- + istân "standing," from istâdan "to stand" (cf. Skt samstha "an assembly"), Mid.Pers. êstâtan, O.Pers./Av. sta- "to stand, stand still; set," Av. hištaiti, cf. Skt. sthâ- "to stand," Gk. histemi "put, place, weigh," stasis "a standing still," L. stare "to stand."
Hâjuheš, from hâ-, variant of ham-, → com-, + juh "yoke," as above.

To join, link, or fasten together.
To establish communication with or between.

M.E., from L. connectere, from "to fasten together, join together," from → com- "together" + nectere "to bind, tie," from nexus "bond, link," related to nodus "knot."

Hâbandidan, from hâ- intensive prefix, from ham-, → com-, + band present stem of bandidan, bastan, → band; cf. (dialectal Anâraki) ha-bend.

Joined, linked, or having a connection. → connected graph.

Past participle of → connect.