An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
English-French-Persian

A → complex molecule containing C, H, O, and N atoms and involved in life developing processes. See also → organic molecule.

→ complex; → organic; → molecule.

Any organism too small to be seen by the naked eye, e.g. bacteria, viruses, and protozoa.

→ micro-; → organism.

A system of → spectral classification introduced in 1943 by William W. Morgan (1906-1994), Philip C. Keenan (1908-2000), and Edith M. Kellman (1911-2007) at Yerkes Observatory. Also known as the MK (or MKK) classification or the → Yerkes system.

Named after the two main astronomers, as above; → classification.

1) Biology: A structure consisting of tissues and performing some specific function in an organism, e.g. the heart, kidneys, liver, stomach.
2) A large musical keyboard instrument producing a wide range of musical effects using compressed air passed through pipes.
3) An organization or body acting on behalf of a larger institution.
4) A newspaper or magazine regarded as a means of communication, especially one communicating the views of a particular group such as a political party.

O.E. organe, from O.Fr. orgene "musical instrument," from L. organa, pluriel of organum, from Gk. organon "implement, musical instrument, organ of the body," literally "that with which one works," from PIE *werg-ano-, from base *werg- "to do, to work" related to Gk. ergon "work" (cf. Av. varəz- "to work, do, perform, exercise;" Mod.Pers. varz-, varzidan "to labor, exercise, practise;" Arm. gorc "work;" Lith. verziu "tie, fasten, squeeze," vargas "need, distress;" Goth. waurkjan; O.E. wyrcan "work," wrecan "to drive, hunt, pursue").

1) Andâm, from Mid.Pers. handam "member, limb;" Av. handāma- "limb;" from Proto-Iranian *ham-dāman-, from prefix ham-→ com- + *dāman- "created;" Av. dā- "to give, grant; to put; to create; to determine" (O.Pers./Av. dā- "to give, grant, yield," dadāiti "he gives;" Mod.Pers. dâdan "to give;" cf. Skt. dadáti "he gives;" Gk. tithenai "to place, put, set," didomi "I give;" L. dare "to give, offer," facere "to do, to make;" Rus. delat' "to do;" O.H.G. tuon, Ger. tun, O.E. don "to do;" PIE base *dhe- "to put, to do"); cf. Skt. sandháy- "joint, articulation."
2), 3), 4) loanwords from Fr., as above.

1) Of, relating to, or derived from living organisms: organic matter.
2) Characterized by the systematic arrangement of parts; organized; systematic.
3) Chemistry: Of or designating carbon compounds.

From L. organicus, from Gk. organikos "of or pertaining to an organ," from organon "instrument," → organ, + → -ic.

1) Orgânik, loan from Fr.; âli loan from Ar.; 2) sâzmândâr, from sâzmân, → organization, + dâr "having, possessor" (from dâštan "to have, to possess," Mid.Pers. dâštan, O.Pers./Av. root dar- "to hold, keep back, maitain, keep in mind," Skt. dhr-, dharma- "law," Gk. thronos "elevated seat, throne," L. firmus "firm, stable," Lith. daryti "to make," PIE *dher- "to hold, support").

The study of compounds that contain carbon chemically bound to hydrogen.

→ organic; → chemistry.

A molecule that is normally found in or produced by living systems. Organic molecules typically consist of carbon atoms in rings or long chains, where other atoms (e.g. hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen) are attached, except for → carbon monoxide (CO) and → carbon dioxide (CO₂), etc.

→ organic; → molecule.

1) Biology: A living individual composed of mutually interdependent parts that maintain various vital processes.
2) Any organized body or system conceived of as analogous to a living being. → microorganism

From → organ + -ism a suffix appearing in loanwords from Gk. denoting several senses, among which state or condition, principles, doctrines.

Sâzvâré, from sâz present stem of sâxtan, sâzidan "to build, make, fashion; to adapt, adjust, be fit" (from Mid.Pers. sâxtan, sâz-, Manichean Parthian s'c'dn "to prepare, to form;" Av. sak- "to understand, to mark," sâcaya- (causative) "to teach") + -vâré, from -vâr a suffix meaning "resembling, like" (from Mid.Pers. -wâr; Av. -vara, -var; cf. Skt. -vara).

1) The act or process of organizing.
2) The state or manner of being organized.
3) A group of persons organized for some end or work.

M.E. organizacion, from M.L. organization-, from organizatus p.p. of organizare "organize" + -ate.

Sâzmân, from sâz present stem of sâxtan, sâzidan "to build, make, fashion; to adapt, adjust, be fit" (from Mid.Pers. sâxtan, sâz-, Manichean Parthian s'c'dn "to prepare, to form;" Av. sak- "to understand, to mark," sâcaya- (causative) "to teach") + -mân verbal noun suffix used with present and past stems, as in zâymân, câymân; sâxtemân, goftemân.

Note 1: The suffix -mân occurs extensively in some dialects, in particular in Garkuye-yi where it replaces the infinitive suffix -idan: resâmon (= rasidan "to arrive"), kešâmon (= kešidan "to draw"), kartemon (= kardan "to do"), bartemon (= bordan "to carry, bear"), paxdemon (= poxtan "to cook"), esbârtemon (= sepordan "entrust, make over to"), bâfdemon (= bâftan "to weave"), ašnofdemon (= šenidan "to hear"), terakâmon (= tarakidan "to blast"), teknâmon (= tekândan "to shake").

Note 2: -mân may be related to Av. suffix -man, which forms a number of derivative action-nous: rasman- "column, rank," from raz- "to direct;" vaēsman- "dwelling," from vaes- "to be or keep ready as, to serve as;" nāman- "name;" asman- "stone, heaven."

To form as or into a whole consisting of interdependent or coordinated parts.

From M.L. organizare "to contrive, arrange," from L. organ(um) "instrument, organ," → organ + -izare→ -ize.

Sâzmân dâdan, from sâzmân, → organization, + dâdan "to give" (O.Pers./Av. dā- "to give, grant, yield," dadāiti "he gives;" Skt. dadáti "he gives;" Gk. tithenai "to place, put, set," didomi "I give;" L. dare "to give, offer," facere "to do, to make;" Rus. delat' "to do;" O.H.G. tuon, Ger. tun, O.E. don "to do;" PIE base *dhe- "to put, to do"); sâzmânidan, from sâzmân + -idan infinitive suffix.

A class of molecules that contain at least one → halogen atom bonded to → carbon. Organohalogens are abundant on the Earth where they are mainly produced through industrial and biological processes. They have been proposed as → biomarkers in the search for life on → exoplanets. Simple halogen hydrides have been detected in → interstellar medium sources and in → comets. → Methyl chloride (CH₃Cl), the most abundant organohalogen in the Earth's atmosphere, has both → natural and → synthetic production pathways (Fayolle et al., 2017, Nature Astronomy 1, 703).

From organo-, → organ, + → halogen.