An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
English-French-Persian

فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

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Number of Results: 34 Search : electric
Gauss's law for electricity
  قانون ِ گاؤس در برق   
qânun-e Gauss dar barq

Fr.: loi de Gauss en électricité   

The total electric flux ψ out of an arbitrary closed surface in free space is equal to the net charge within the surface divided by the → permittivity. In differential form: ∇ . E = ρ/ε0, where ρ is the → charge density and ε0 the permittivity. The integral form of the law: ∫E . dS = Q0 (closed surface integral). This is one of the four → Maxwell's equations.

gauss; → law; → electricity.

induced electric field
  میدان ِ برقی ِ درهازیده، ~ ِ ~ ِ درهاخته   
meydân-e barqi-ye darhâzidé, ~ ~ darhâxté

Fr.: champ électric induit   

An electric field created by the variation of a magnetic field. The induced electric field lines are usually perpendicular to the changing magnetic field that produces them.

induced; → electric; → field.

internal photoelectric effect
  اسکر ِ شید-برقی ِ درونی   
oskar-e šid-barqi-ye daruni

Fr.: effet photoélectrique interne   

The → photoelectric effect whereby photons absorbed by a solid (→ semiconductor) raise electrons from a lower to a higher → energy level (from → valence band to → conduction band). See also → external photoelectric effect.

internal; → photoelectric; → effect.

linear electric quadrupole
  چهارقطبه‌ی ِ برقی ِ خطی   
cahârqotbe-ye barqi-ye xatti

Fr.: quadrupôle électrique linéaire   

A system of three charges +q, -2q, and +q, arranged along a line to form an axial quadrupole. The → electric potential  V due to a linear quadrupole varies as 1/r3, whereas the → electric intensity  E varies as 1/r4.

linear; → electric; → quadrupole.

photoelectric
  شید-برقی، نور-برقی   
šid-barqi, nur-barqi

Fr.: photoélectrique   

Pertaining to electronic or other electrical effects that are due to the action of electromagnetic radiation, especially visible light.

photo- + → electric.

photoelectric current
  جریان ِ شید-برقی   
jarayân-e šid-barqi

Fr.: courant photoélectrique   

The current produced in an → photoelectric effect process when → photoelectrons are received at the positive electrode.

photoelectric; → current.

photoelectric effect
  ا ُسکر ِ شید-برقی، ~ نور-برقی   
oskar-e šid-barqi, ~ nur-barqi

Fr.: effet photoélectrique   

The process of release of electrically charged particles (usually → electrons) as a result of irradiation of matter by light or other → electromagnetic radiation. The classical electromagnetic theory was unable to account for the following characteristics of the phenomenon. Light below a certain threshold frequency, no matter how intense, will not cause any electrons to be emitted. Light above that frequency, even if it is not very intense, will always cause electrons to be ejected. The electrons are ejected after some nanoseconds, independently of the light intensity. The maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons is a function of the frequency and does not dependent on the intensity of the incident light. The classical theory could not explain how a train of light waves spread out over a large number of atoms could, in a very short time interval, concentrate enough energy to knock a single electron out of the metal. In 1905, based on Planck's idea of → quanta, Einstein proposed that light consisted of quanta (later called → photons); that a given source could emit and absorb radiant energy only in units which are all exactly equal to the radiation frequency multiplied by a constant (→ Planck's constant); and that a photon with a frequency over a certain threshold would have sufficient energy to eject a single electron. His photoelectric equation is descibed as (1/2)mu2 = hν - A, where m is the electron mass, u is the electron velocity, h is Planck's constant, ν is the frequency, and A the → work function, which represents the amount of work needed by electrons to get free of the surface. See also → photoelectron, → photoelectric current, → external photoelectric effect, → internal photoelectric effect.

photoelectric; → effect.

photoelectric heating
  گرمایش ِ شید-برقی   
garmâyeš-e šid-barqi

Fr.: chauffage photoélectrique   

A heating process occurring in → diffuse molecular clouds which is believed to be the main heating mechanism in cool → H I regions. Far-ultraviolet (FUV) photons, in the energy range 6 eV <hν < 13.6 eV, expel electrons from → interstellar dust grains and the excess → kinetic energy of the electrons is converted into gas → thermal energy through → collisions. The high energy limit corresponds to the cut-off in the → far-ultraviolet (FUV) radiation field caused by the hydrogen absorption (hν = 13.6 eV), while the low energy limit corresponds to the energy needed to free electrons from the grains (hν ~ 6 eV). In the cold neutral medium (Tkin≥ 200 K) photoelectric heating accounts for most of the heating, the → X-ray and → cosmic ray heating rates (→ cosmic-ray ionization) being more than an order of magnitude smaller. In a relatively dense neutral medium (nH≥ 100 cm-3), where a significant fraction of carbon is in the neutral form, carbon ionization becomes an important heating source, but it is still not comparable to the photoelectric effect. The heating rate cannot be directly measured, but it can be estimated through observations of the [C II] line emission, since this is believed to be the main → coolant in regions where the photoelectric heating is dominant (See, e.g., Juvela et al., 2003, arXiv:astro-ph/0302365).

photoelectric; → heating.

photoelectric magnitude
  بُرز ِ شید-سنجیک، ~ نور-سنجیک   
borz-e šidsanjik, ~ nursanjik

Fr.: magnitude photoélectrique   

The magnitude of an object as measured with a photoelectric photometer.

photoelectric; → magnitude.

photoelectric photometry
  شید-سنجی ِ شید-برقی   
šidsanji-e šidbarqi

Fr.: photométrie photoélectrique   

A photometry in which the magnitudes are obtained using a photoelectric photometer.

photoelectric; → photometry.

piezoelectric effect
  اُسکر ِ فشاربرقی   
oskar-e fešârbarqi

Fr.: effet piézoélectrique   

The property exhibited by some crystals (notably quartz) that develop an electric charge or potential difference across them when subjected to mechanical strain; and conversely produce mechanical forces when a voltage is applied to them in a suitable manner.

From piezo-, from Gk. piezein "to press tight" + → electric; → effect.

oskar, → effect; fešârbarqi pertaining to fešârbarq, from fešâr, → pressure, + barq, → electricity.

thermoelectric
  دمابرقی   
damâbarqi (#)

Fr.: thermo-électrique   

Of, relating to, or produced by electric phenomena occurring in conjunction with a flow of heat.

thermo- + → electric.

thermoelectric effect
  اسکر ِ دمابرقی   
oskar-e damâbarqi

Fr.: effet thermo-électrique   

A phenomenon occurring when temperature differences exist in an electrical circuit, such as the → Peltier effect, the → Seebeck effect, and the → Thomson effect,

thermoelectric; → effect.

thermoelectricity
  دمابرق   
damâbarq (#)

Fr.: thermo-éléctricité   

The electricity produced by heat or temperature difference in a conductor.

thermo- + → electricity.


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