An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
English-French-Persian

In → graph theory, a → tree in which the → children of each → vertex are ordered.

→ ordered; → tree.

1) Of or relating to an order, as of animals or plants.
2) Of or relating to order, rank, or position in a series.
3) → ordinal number.

M.E., from O.Fr., from L.L. ordinalis "denoting order or place in a series," from L. ordo (genitive ordinis) "row, series," → order; → -al.

→ order; → -al.

1) A number which defines the position or rank of something in a series, in contrast to → cardinal number. For example, first, second, tenth, etc.
2) In → set theory, the order type of a → well-ordered set. Also called ordinal.

→ ordinal; → number.

Usual; normal. → ordinary ray; → ordinary year.

M.E. ordinarie, from O.Fr. ordinarie, from L. ordinarius "regular, usual, orderly," from ordo (genitive ordinis) "order" + -arius-ary.

Šunik "ordinary," from Mid.Pers. šônik, šônig "ordinary, customary," from šôn "kind, manner, sort, way" + -ik, → -ic.

A → differential equation in which the unknown function depends on only one → independent variable, as contrasted with a → partial differential equation.

→ ordinary; → differential; → equation.

The point M₀(x₀,y₀) of the curve F(x,y) = 0, where at least one of the partial derivatives ∂F/∂x and ∂F/∂y does not vanish. → singular point

→ ordinary; → point.

The ray that has an → isotropic speed in a → doubly refracting crystal. It obeys → Snell's law upon refraction at the crystal surface. See also → extraordinary ray

→ ordinary; → ray.

A → calendar year that contains 365 days and therefore is not a → leap year.

→ ordinary; → year.

Math.: In plane Cartesian coordinates, the distance of a point from the x-axis measured parallel to the y-axis. → abscissa.

Ordinate, from N.L. (linea) ordinate (applicata) "(line applied) in order;" from ordinatus "arranged."

Ârâ, from ârâstan "to arrange, to set in order, adorn," Mid.Pers. ârây-, ârâstan "to arrange, adorn;" O.Pers. rās- "to be right, straight, true," rāsta- "straight, true" (Mod.Pers. râst "straight, true"), rād- "to prepare;" Av. rāz- "to direct, put in line, set," razan- "order;" Gk. oregein "to stretch out;" L. regere "to lead straight, guide, rule," p.p. rectus "right, straight;" Skt. rji- "to make straight or right, arrange, decorate;" PIE base *reg- "move in a straight line."

A natural deposit containing a mineral of an element to be extracted.

Ore, merger of M.E. ore, O.E. ora "ore, unworked metal" and M.E. or(e) "ore, metal," O.E. ar "brass, copper, bronze" (cf. O.N. eir "brass, copper;" Ger. ehern "brazen;" Erz "oar;" Goth. aiz "bronze;" O.H.G. ēr "ore"), from PIE *aus- "gold;" cf. Mod/Mid..Pers. âhan "iron;" Av. aiianhaēna- "made of metal," from aiiah- "metal;" Skt. áyas- "iron, metal;" L. aes "brass"

Kâné, from kân "mine," from kandan "to dig" (Mid.Pers. kandan "to dig;" O.Pers. kan- "to dig," akaniya- "it was dug;" Av. kan- "to dig," uskən- "to dig out" (→ ex- for prefix us-); cf. Skt. khan- "to dig," khanati "he digs").

1) Biology: A structure consisting of tissues and performing some specific function in an organism, e.g. the heart, kidneys, liver, stomach.
2) A large musical keyboard instrument producing a wide range of musical effects using compressed air passed through pipes.
3) An organization or body acting on behalf of a larger institution.
4) A newspaper or magazine regarded as a means of communication, especially one communicating the views of a particular group such as a political party.

O.E. organe, from O.Fr. orgene "musical instrument," from L. organa, pluriel of organum, from Gk. organon "implement, musical instrument, organ of the body," literally "that with which one works," from PIE *werg-ano-, from base *werg- "to do, to work" related to Gk. ergon "work" (cf. Av. varəz- "to work, do, perform, exercise;" Mod.Pers. varz-, varzidan "to labor, exercise, practise;" Arm. gorc "work;" Lith. verziu "tie, fasten, squeeze," vargas "need, distress;" Goth. waurkjan; O.E. wyrcan "work," wrecan "to drive, hunt, pursue").

1) Andâm, from Mid.Pers. handam "member, limb;" Av. handāma- "limb;" from Proto-Iranian *ham-dāman-, from prefix ham-→ com- + *dāman- "created;" Av. dā- "to give, grant; to put; to create; to determine" (O.Pers./Av. dā- "to give, grant, yield," dadāiti "he gives;" Mod.Pers. dâdan "to give;" cf. Skt. dadáti "he gives;" Gk. tithenai "to place, put, set," didomi "I give;" L. dare "to give, offer," facere "to do, to make;" Rus. delat' "to do;" O.H.G. tuon, Ger. tun, O.E. don "to do;" PIE base *dhe- "to put, to do"); cf. Skt. sandháy- "joint, articulation."
2), 3), 4) loanwords from Fr., as above.

1) Of, relating to, or derived from living organisms: organic matter.
2) Characterized by the systematic arrangement of parts; organized; systematic.
3) Chemistry: Of or designating carbon compounds.

From L. organicus, from Gk. organikos "of or pertaining to an organ," from organon "instrument," → organ, + → -ic.

1) Orgânik, loan from Fr.; âli loan from Ar.; 2) sâzmândâr, from sâzmân, → organization, + dâr "having, possessor" (from dâštan "to have, to possess," Mid.Pers. dâštan, O.Pers./Av. root dar- "to hold, keep back, maitain, keep in mind," Skt. dhr-, dharma- "law," Gk. thronos "elevated seat, throne," L. firmus "firm, stable," Lith. daryti "to make," PIE *dher- "to hold, support").

The study of compounds that contain carbon chemically bound to hydrogen.

→ organic; → chemistry.

A molecule that is normally found in or produced by living systems. Organic molecules typically consist of carbon atoms in rings or long chains, where other atoms (e.g. hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen) are attached, except for → carbon monoxide (CO) and → carbon dioxide (CO₂), etc.

→ organic; → molecule.

1) Biology: A living individual composed of mutually interdependent parts that maintain various vital processes.
2) Any organized body or system conceived of as analogous to a living being. → microorganism

From → organ + -ism a suffix appearing in loanwords from Gk. denoting several senses, among which state or condition, principles, doctrines.

Sâzvâré, from sâz present stem of sâxtan, sâzidan "to build, make, fashion; to adapt, adjust, be fit" (from Mid.Pers. sâxtan, sâz-, Manichean Parthian s'c'dn "to prepare, to form;" Av. sak- "to understand, to mark," sâcaya- (causative) "to teach") + -vâré, from -vâr a suffix meaning "resembling, like" (from Mid.Pers. -wâr; Av. -vara, -var; cf. Skt. -vara).

1) The act or process of organizing.
2) The state or manner of being organized.
3) A group of persons organized for some end or work.

M.E. organizacion, from M.L. organization-, from organizatus p.p. of organizare "organize" + -ate.

Sâzmân, from sâz present stem of sâxtan, sâzidan "to build, make, fashion; to adapt, adjust, be fit" (from Mid.Pers. sâxtan, sâz-, Manichean Parthian s'c'dn "to prepare, to form;" Av. sak- "to understand, to mark," sâcaya- (causative) "to teach") + -mân verbal noun suffix used with present and past stems, as in zâymân, câymân; sâxtemân, goftemân.

Note 1: The suffix -mân occurs extensively in some dialects, in particular in Garkuye-yi where it replaces the infinitive suffix -idan: resâmon (= rasidan "to arrive"), kešâmon (= kešidan "to draw"), kartemon (= kardan "to do"), bartemon (= bordan "to carry, bear"), paxdemon (= poxtan "to cook"), esbârtemon (= sepordan "entrust, make over to"), bâfdemon (= bâftan "to weave"), ašnofdemon (= šenidan "to hear"), terakâmon (= tarakidan "to blast"), teknâmon (= tekândan "to shake").

Note 2: -mân may be related to Av. suffix -man, which forms a number of derivative action-nous: rasman- "column, rank," from raz- "to direct;" vaēsman- "dwelling," from vaes- "to be or keep ready as, to serve as;" nāman- "name;" asman- "stone, heaven."

To form as or into a whole consisting of interdependent or coordinated parts.

From M.L. organizare "to contrive, arrange," from L. organ(um) "instrument, organ," → organ + -izare→ -ize.

Sâzmân dâdan, from sâzmân, → organization, + dâdan "to give" (O.Pers./Av. dā- "to give, grant, yield," dadāiti "he gives;" Skt. dadáti "he gives;" Gk. tithenai "to place, put, set," didomi "I give;" L. dare "to give, offer," facere "to do, to make;" Rus. delat' "to do;" O.H.G. tuon, Ger. tun, O.E. don "to do;" PIE base *dhe- "to put, to do"); sâzmânidan, from sâzmân + -idan infinitive suffix.

A class of molecules that contain at least one → halogen atom bonded to → carbon. Organohalogens are abundant on the Earth where they are mainly produced through industrial and biological processes. They have been proposed as → biomarkers in the search for life on → exoplanets. Simple halogen hydrides have been detected in → interstellar medium sources and in → comets. → Methyl chloride (CH₃Cl), the most abundant organohalogen in the Earth's atmosphere, has both → natural and → synthetic production pathways (Fayolle et al., 2017, Nature Astronomy 1, 703).

From organo-, → organ, + → halogen.

1) East. The countries of Asia, especially East Asia.
2a) To place in a definite relation to the points of the compass or other fixed or known directions.
2b) To turn toward the east or in any specified direction.

M.E., from O.Fr. orient "east," from L. orient-, oriens rising sun, east," from pr.p. of oriri "to rise," cognate with Pers. ras-, rasidan "to arrive;" O.Pers./Av. rasa- present stem of ar- to move, go or come forward;" cf. Skt. ar- "to reach, come toward, meet with," rccháti "reaches;" Gk. erkhomai "to go, to reach."

1) Xâvar, → east.
2) su dâdan literally "to give direction, orientation;" su yâftan "to acquire direction," from su "direction, side," from Mid.Pers. sôk "direction, side," + dâdan "to give," → datum; yâftan "t find, obtain," → find.

1) The position in relation to a specific place or object.
2) The act or process of orienting; the state of being oriented.

Verbal noun of → orient.