An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics

1a) A public officer authorized to hear and decide cases in a court of law; a magistrate charged with the administration of justice.

1b) A person qualified to pass a critical judgment.

2a) To pass legal judgment on; pass sentence on (a person).

2b) to form a judgment or opinion of; decide upon critically (Dictionary.com).

Etymology (EN): M.E. jugen, from Anglo-Fr. juger, O.Fr. jugier “to form an opinion about; make a decision,” also “to try and pronounce sentence upon (someone) in a court,” from Anglo-Fr juger, O.Fr. jugier “to judge, pronounce judgment; pass an opinion on,” from L. iudicare “to judge, to examine officially; form an opinion upon; pronounce judgment,” from iudicem “a judge,” a compound of ius “right, law,” → just,

• root of dicere “to say.”

Etymology (PE): Dâdras “justice administrator,” from dâd, → justice, + ras present stem and agent noun of rasidan “to attain, to arrive, to mature,” → access.

1a) A public officer authorized to hear and decide cases in a court of law; a magistrate charged with the administration of justice.

1b) A person qualified to pass a critical judgment.

2a) To pass legal judgment on; pass sentence on (a person).

2b) to form a judgment or opinion of; decide upon critically (Dictionary.com).

Etymology (EN): M.E. jugen, from Anglo-Fr. juger, O.Fr. jugier “to form an opinion about; make a decision,” also “to try and pronounce sentence upon (someone) in a court,” from Anglo-Fr juger, O.Fr. jugier “to judge, pronounce judgment; pass an opinion on,” from L. iudicare “to judge, to examine officially; form an opinion upon; pronounce judgment,” from iudicem “a judge,” a compound of ius “right, law,” → just,

• root of dicere “to say.”

Etymology (PE): Dâdras “justice administrator,” from dâd, → justice, + ras present stem and agent noun of rasidan “to attain, to arrive, to mature,” → access.

11 An act or instance of judging.

2. The ability to judge, make a decision, or form an opinion objectively, authoritatively, and wisely, especially in matters affecting action; good sense (Dictionary.com).

See also: → judge; → -ment.

11 An act or instance of judging.

2. The ability to judge, make a decision, or form an opinion objectively, authoritatively, and wisely, especially in matters affecting action; good sense (Dictionary.com).

See also: → judge; → -ment.

1. Pertaining to judgment in courts of justice or to the administration of justice: judicial proceedings; the judicial system.
   

2. Pertaining to courts of law or to judges; judiciary: judicial functions.
   

3. Of or relating to a judge; proper to the character of a judge; judgelike: judicial gravity.
   

4. Inclined to make or give judgments; critical; discriminating: a judicial mind.
   

5. Decreed, sanctioned, or enforced by a court (Dictionary.com).

Etymology (EN): From L. iudicalis “of or belonging to a court of justice,” from iudicium “judgment, decision,” from iudicem, → judge.

Etymology (PE): Dâvarâné, dâvarik, of or relating to dâvari, → judgment.

1. Pertaining to judgment in courts of justice or to the administration of justice: judicial proceedings; the judicial system.
   

2. Pertaining to courts of law or to judges; judiciary: judicial functions.
   

3. Of or relating to a judge; proper to the character of a judge; judgelike: judicial gravity.
   

4. Inclined to make or give judgments; critical; discriminating: a judicial mind.
   

5. Decreed, sanctioned, or enforced by a court (Dictionary.com).

Etymology (EN): From L. iudicalis “of or belonging to a court of justice,” from iudicium “judgment, decision,” from iudicem, → judge.

Etymology (PE): Dâvarâné, dâvarik, of or relating to dâvari, → judgment.

A → solar calendar established by Julius Caesar in 46 B.C. to replace the → Roman calendar. It was inspired by the Egyptian calendar year of 365 days.
The astronomer Sosigenes set up the months (January to December)
and added an extra day in February every fourth year (→ leap year).
This gave an average year of 365.25 days. The Julian calendar remained unchanged for 1,600 years, and was replaced by the → Gregorian calendar to correct its errors.
The Roman calendar before the reform was running 80 days out of alignment with the seasons of a true year. Sosigenes fixed the calendar by having 445 days in the year 46 B.C., which brought the seasons in line with the calendar. The year 45 B.C. is known as the first leap year of the Julian calendar. However, Sosigenes’ work was misinterpreted and they were placing leap years every 3 years instead of every 4 years.

See also: Julian, adj. of L. Julius.

A → solar calendar established by Julius Caesar in 46 B.C. to replace the → Roman calendar. It was inspired by the Egyptian calendar year of 365 days.
The astronomer Sosigenes set up the months (January to December)
and added an extra day in February every fourth year (→ leap year).
This gave an average year of 365.25 days. The Julian calendar remained unchanged for 1,600 years, and was replaced by the → Gregorian calendar to correct its errors.
The Roman calendar before the reform was running 80 days out of alignment with the seasons of a true year. Sosigenes fixed the calendar by having 445 days in the year 46 B.C., which brought the seasons in line with the calendar. The year 45 B.C. is known as the first leap year of the Julian calendar. However, Sosigenes’ work was misinterpreted and they were placing leap years every 3 years instead of every 4 years.

See also: Julian, adj. of L. Julius.

A timekeeping system which does not have months and years. It is
used primarily by astronomers to avoid confusion due to the use of different calendars at different times and places. Julian date is the interval of time in days and fractions of a day since noon 1 January 4713 B.C. (12h Universal Time). For example, January 1, 1970 is JD 2440588. Decimal fractions
correspond to fractions of a day so that, for example, an observation
made at 15h on June 24, 1962 is given as JD 2437840.13.
→ modified Julian date (MJD). Note that the “Julius” involved is not Julius Caesar, and this system is unrelated to the Julian calendar, as explained below.

See also: The system was proposed by the French scholar Joseph Justus Scaliger (1540-1609)
in 1583 and named after his father, Julius Caesar Scaliger.
His choice of starting year was based on the convergence in 4713 B.C. of
three calendrical cycles (indication cycle, Metonic cycle, and solar cycle). → date.

A timekeeping system which does not have months and years. It is
used primarily by astronomers to avoid confusion due to the use of different calendars at different times and places. Julian date is the interval of time in days and fractions of a day since noon 1 January 4713 B.C. (12h Universal Time). For example, January 1, 1970 is JD 2440588. Decimal fractions
correspond to fractions of a day so that, for example, an observation
made at 15h on June 24, 1962 is given as JD 2437840.13.
→ modified Julian date (MJD). Note that the “Julius” involved is not Julius Caesar, and this system is unrelated to the Julian calendar, as explained below.

See also: The system was proposed by the French scholar Joseph Justus Scaliger (1540-1609)
in 1583 and named after his father, Julius Caesar Scaliger.
His choice of starting year was based on the convergence in 4713 B.C. of
three calendrical cycles (indication cycle, Metonic cycle, and solar cycle). → date.

Same as → Julian date.

See also: → Julian date; → day.

Same as → Julian date.

See also: → Julian date; → day.

A way of specifying the date as a year with a decimal based on the Julian year of 365.25 days and the Barycentric Dynamical Time (TDB). The standard epoch currently in use is J2000.0, which corresponds to January 1, 2000 12:00 Terrestrial Time.

See also: → Julian calendar; → epoch.

A way of specifying the date as a year with a decimal based on the Julian year of 365.25 days and the Barycentric Dynamical Time (TDB). The standard epoch currently in use is J2000.0, which corresponds to January 1, 2000 12:00 Terrestrial Time.

See also: → Julian calendar; → epoch.

A period of 365.25 days adopted in the Julian calendar for the length of the year.

See also: → Julian calendar; &rarr ;year.

A period of 365.25 days adopted in the Julian calendar for the length of the year.

See also: → Julian calendar; &rarr ;year.

A point of discontinuity in a function or a derivative of a function.

Etymology (EN): Etymology unclear, probably akin to L.G. gumpen “to jump.”

Etymology (PE): Jaheš, verbal noun of jahidan, jastan “to jump, to leap,” from Mid.Pers. jastan, jahidan “to jump,” figuratively “to happen, occur;” Av. yaēš-, yas- “to boil;” cf. Skt. yas-, yásyati “to boil, to heat; to make effort.”

A point of discontinuity in a function or a derivative of a function.

Etymology (EN): Etymology unclear, probably akin to L.G. gumpen “to jump.”

Etymology (PE): Jaheš, verbal noun of jahidan, jastan “to jump, to leap,” from Mid.Pers. jastan, jahidan “to jump,” figuratively “to happen, occur;” Av. yaēš-, yas- “to boil;” cf. Skt. yas-, yásyati “to boil, to heat; to make effort.”

Very different values of pressure and density (or temperature or energy) across a shock wave.

See also: → jump; → condition.

Very different values of pressure and density (or temperature or energy) across a shock wave.

See also: → jump; → condition.

In a → semiconductor device, a region of transition between semiconducting regions of different electrical properties.

Etymology (EN): Junction “act of joining,” from L. junctionem, noun of action from jungere “to join,” cognate with Pers. yuq, juhé, as below; PIE base *yeug- “to join,”

Etymology (PE): Juheš, from juh, variant of yuq “yoke,”
Mid.Pers. jug, ayoxtan “to join, yoke;” Av. yaog- “to yoke, put to; to join, unite;” cf.
Skt. yugam “yoke;” Hittite yugan “yoke;” Gk. zygon “yoke,” zeugnyanai “to join, unite;” L. jungere “to join,” as above; O.C.S. igo, O.Welsh iou, Lith. jungas O.E. geoc.

In a → semiconductor device, a region of transition between semiconducting regions of different electrical properties.

Etymology (EN): Junction “act of joining,” from L. junctionem, noun of action from jungere “to join,” cognate with Pers. yuq, juhé, as below; PIE base *yeug- “to join,”

Etymology (PE): Juheš, from juh, variant of yuq “yoke,”
Mid.Pers. jug, ayoxtan “to join, yoke;” Av. yaog- “to yoke, put to; to join, unite;” cf.
Skt. yugam “yoke;” Hittite yugan “yoke;” Gk. zygon “yoke,” zeugnyanai “to join, unite;” L. jungere “to join,” as above; O.C.S. igo, O.Welsh iou, Lith. jungas O.E. geoc.

1. Of more recent appointment or admission, as to an office or status; of lower rank or standing.
   

2. (in American universities, colleges, and schools) noting or pertaining to the class or year next below that of the senior
   

3. Younger, designating the younger of two men bearing the same full name, as a son named after his father; often written as Jr. or jr. following the name (Dictionary.com).

Etymology (EN): From L. iunior, comparative of iuvenis “young, young man,” cognate with Pers. javân, → young.

Etymology (PE): Kehtar, comparative of keh “small, little,” → decrease.

1. Of more recent appointment or admission, as to an office or status; of lower rank or standing.
   

2. (in American universities, colleges, and schools) noting or pertaining to the class or year next below that of the senior
   

3. Younger, designating the younger of two men bearing the same full name, as a son named after his father; often written as Jr. or jr. following the name (Dictionary.com).

Etymology (EN): From L. iunior, comparative of iuvenis “young, young man,” cognate with Pers. javân, → young.

Etymology (PE): Kehtar, comparative of keh “small, little,” → decrease.

A → NASA → space mission devoted to the study of the planet → Jupiter. Juno was launched on August 5, 2011 and traveled over a total distance of roughly 2.8 billion km (1.8 → astronomical units) to reach Jupiter on July 4, 2016, after a journey of about five years. Two years after its launch Juno used a → gravity assist through an Earth → flyby in October 2013. The spacecraft will make 37 turns around Jupiter in a → polar orbit over the course of 20 months, until February 2018. Juno has nine different instruments to achieve its scientific goals. Its main goal is to understand the origin and evolution of Jupiter. Among Juno’s scientific objectives, it will:

1. Determine how much water is in Jupiter’s atmosphere, which helps find out which planet formation theory is correct (or if new theories are needed);
   

2. Look deep into Jupiter’s atmosphere to measure composition, temperature, cloud motions and other properties;
   

3. Map Jupiter’s magnetic and gravity fields, revealing the planet’s deep structure;
   

4. Explore and study Jupiter’s → magnetosphere near the planet’s poles, especially the auroras, providing new insights about how the planet’s enormous → magnetic field

affects its atmosphere.

See also: The spacecraft’s name comes from Greco-Roman mythology. The god Jupiter drew a veil of clouds around himself to hide his mischief, but his wife, the goddess Juno, was able to peer through the clouds and see Jupiter’s true nature.

A → NASA → space mission devoted to the study of the planet → Jupiter. Juno was launched on August 5, 2011 and traveled over a total distance of roughly 2.8 billion km (1.8 → astronomical units) to reach Jupiter on July 4, 2016, after a journey of about five years. Two years after its launch Juno used a → gravity assist through an Earth → flyby in October 2013. The spacecraft will make 37 turns around Jupiter in a → polar orbit over the course of 20 months, until February 2018. Juno has nine different instruments to achieve its scientific goals. Its main goal is to understand the origin and evolution of Jupiter. Among Juno’s scientific objectives, it will:

1. Determine how much water is in Jupiter’s atmosphere, which helps find out which planet formation theory is correct (or if new theories are needed);
   

2. Look deep into Jupiter’s atmosphere to measure composition, temperature, cloud motions and other properties;
   

3. Map Jupiter’s magnetic and gravity fields, revealing the planet’s deep structure;
   

4. Explore and study Jupiter’s → magnetosphere near the planet’s poles, especially the auroras, providing new insights about how the planet’s enormous → magnetic field

affects its atmosphere.

See also: The spacecraft’s name comes from Greco-Roman mythology. The god Jupiter drew a veil of clouds around himself to hide his mischief, but his wife, the goddess Juno, was able to peer through the clouds and see Jupiter’s true nature.

The largest → planet in the → Solar System and the fifth from the Sun, lying at a mean distance of about 5.2 → astronomical units from the Sun. Jupiter is a → gas giant,
mostly → hydrogen and → helium, with a mass of 1.898 × 10²⁷ kg, or about 0.001 → solar masses, or 318 times → Earth masses. It is more than twice as massive as all the other solar system planets combined. Jupiter’s diameter measures 11 times that of Earth. Its → rotation period, 9.93 hours (Jupiter/Earth ratio = 0.41), is the shortest of all the solar system planets. Its → orbital period is 11.857 Earth years. Jupiter has an extensive family of → satellites (79 known) and a faint → ring system; → Jupiter’s ring. Jupiter probably has a core of rocky material amounting to something like 10 to 15 Earth masses. Above the core lies the main bulk of the planet in the form of liquid → metallic hydrogen. This exotic form of the most common of elements is possible only at pressures about 3 million bars, as is the case in the interior of Jupiter (and Saturn). Under the extreme pressure found deep inside Jupiter, the electrons are released from the hydrogen molecules and are free to move about the interior. This causes hydrogen to behave as a metal; it becomes conducting for both heat and electricity. See also → Jupiter’s atmosphere.

Etymology (EN): Jupiter “the king of ancient Roman gods, the ruler of Olympus,” from L. Iupeter, from PIE *dyeu-peter- “god-father,” from *deiw-os “god” (cf. Pers. div “devil, demon;” Mid.Pers. dêw;
O.Pers. daiva- “evil god, demon;” Av. daēva- “evil spirit, false god;” Skt. deva-; Gk. Zeus “supreme god;” from *dei- “to gleam, to shine”)

• *peter “father” (cf. Pers. pedar “father;” O.Pers. pitā- “father;” Av. patar-, ptā-; Skt. pitár-; Gk. pater; L. pater, O.H.G. fater).

Etymology (PE): Hormoz, from Mid.Pers. Ohrmazd “name of the highest god in Zoroastrianism,” from O.Pers. aura-mazdā-, Av. ahura-mazdā- “Wise Lord,” from ahura- “lord, god;” cf. Skt. ásura- “god, lord;”
Hittite hassu- “king;” M.H.G. Asen “name of a group of gods;” O.N. āss “god;” PIE *ansu- “spirit, demon” + mazdā- “wisdom,” mazdāθa- “what must be borne in mind,” mazdāh- “memory;” cf.
Skt. medhā- “mental power, wisdom, intelligence;” Gk. mathein “to learn, to know” (root of → mathematics).

The largest → planet in the → Solar System and the fifth from the Sun, lying at a mean distance of about 5.2 → astronomical units from the Sun. Jupiter is a → gas giant,
mostly → hydrogen and → helium, with a mass of 1.898 × 10²⁷ kg, or about 0.001 → solar masses, or 318 times → Earth masses. It is more than twice as massive as all the other solar system planets combined. Jupiter’s diameter measures 11 times that of Earth. Its → rotation period, 9.93 hours (Jupiter/Earth ratio = 0.41), is the shortest of all the solar system planets. Its → orbital period is 11.857 Earth years. Jupiter has an extensive family of → satellites (79 known) and a faint → ring system; → Jupiter’s ring. Jupiter probably has a core of rocky material amounting to something like 10 to 15 Earth masses. Above the core lies the main bulk of the planet in the form of liquid → metallic hydrogen. This exotic form of the most common of elements is possible only at pressures about 3 million bars, as is the case in the interior of Jupiter (and Saturn). Under the extreme pressure found deep inside Jupiter, the electrons are released from the hydrogen molecules and are free to move about the interior. This causes hydrogen to behave as a metal; it becomes conducting for both heat and electricity. See also → Jupiter’s atmosphere.

Etymology (EN): Jupiter “the king of ancient Roman gods, the ruler of Olympus,” from L. Iupeter, from PIE *dyeu-peter- “god-father,” from *deiw-os “god” (cf. Pers. div “devil, demon;” Mid.Pers. dêw;
O.Pers. daiva- “evil god, demon;” Av. daēva- “evil spirit, false god;” Skt. deva-; Gk. Zeus “supreme god;” from *dei- “to gleam, to shine”)

• *peter “father” (cf. Pers. pedar “father;” O.Pers. pitā- “father;” Av. patar-, ptā-; Skt. pitár-; Gk. pater; L. pater, O.H.G. fater).

Etymology (PE): Hormoz, from Mid.Pers. Ohrmazd “name of the highest god in Zoroastrianism,” from O.Pers. aura-mazdā-, Av. ahura-mazdā- “Wise Lord,” from ahura- “lord, god;” cf. Skt. ásura- “god, lord;”
Hittite hassu- “king;” M.H.G. Asen “name of a group of gods;” O.N. āss “god;” PIE *ansu- “spirit, demon” + mazdā- “wisdom,” mazdāθa- “what must be borne in mind,” mazdāh- “memory;” cf.
Skt. medhā- “mental power, wisdom, intelligence;” Gk. mathein “to learn, to know” (root of → mathematics).

An interplanetary mission currently in development by the → European Space Agency planned for launch in 2020. It is aimed mainly at in-depth studies of three potentially ocean-bearing satellites, → Ganymede, → Europa, and → Callisto.

JUICE will complete a unique tour of the Jupiter system including several flybys of each planet-sized world, culminating with orbit insertion around Ganymede, the largest moon in the Solar System, followed by nine months of operations in its orbit.

JUICE will carry the most powerful scientific payload ever flown to the outer Solar System. It consists of 10 state-of-the-art instruments plus one experiment that uses the spacecraft telecommunication system with ground-based instruments.

See also: → Jupiter; → icy; → explorer; → moon.

An interplanetary mission currently in development by the → European Space Agency planned for launch in 2020. It is aimed mainly at in-depth studies of three potentially ocean-bearing satellites, → Ganymede, → Europa, and → Callisto.

JUICE will complete a unique tour of the Jupiter system including several flybys of each planet-sized world, culminating with orbit insertion around Ganymede, the largest moon in the Solar System, followed by nine months of operations in its orbit.

JUICE will carry the most powerful scientific payload ever flown to the outer Solar System. It consists of 10 state-of-the-art instruments plus one experiment that uses the spacecraft telecommunication system with ground-based instruments.

See also: → Jupiter; → icy; → explorer; → moon.

A quantity of mass equal to 1.898 × 10²⁷ kg, about 0.000954
→ solar masses, or 317.83 → Earth masses. Jupiter mass, M_J, is used as a → unit to describe masses of the → gas giant, such as the outer planets and → extrasolar planets. Similarly, → brown dwarf masses are expressed in terms of Jupiter mass.

See also: → Jupiter; → mass.

A quantity of mass equal to 1.898 × 10²⁷ kg, about 0.000954
→ solar masses, or 317.83 → Earth masses. Jupiter mass, M_J, is used as a → unit to describe masses of the → gas giant, such as the outer planets and → extrasolar planets. Similarly, → brown dwarf masses are expressed in terms of Jupiter mass.

See also: → Jupiter; → mass.

The gaseous envelope surrounding Jupiter. It is about 90% → hydrogen and 10% → helium (by numbers of atoms, 75/25% by mass) with traces of → methane, → water, and → ammonia. This is very close to the composition of the primordial → solar nebula from which the entire solar system was formed. Saturn has a similar composition, but Uranus and Neptune have much less hydrogen and helium. The outermost layer is composed primarily of ordinary → molecular hydrogen and helium.

Visually, Jupiter is dominated by two atmospheric features; a series of ever-changing atmospheric cloud bands arranged parallel to the equator and an oval atmospheric blob called the → Great Red Spot.

See also: → Jupiter; → atmosphere.

The gaseous envelope surrounding Jupiter. It is about 90% → hydrogen and 10% → helium (by numbers of atoms, 75/25% by mass) with traces of → methane, → water, and → ammonia. This is very close to the composition of the primordial → solar nebula from which the entire solar system was formed. Saturn has a similar composition, but Uranus and Neptune have much less hydrogen and helium. The outermost layer is composed primarily of ordinary → molecular hydrogen and helium.

Visually, Jupiter is dominated by two atmospheric features; a series of ever-changing atmospheric cloud bands arranged parallel to the equator and an oval atmospheric blob called the → Great Red Spot.

See also: → Jupiter; → atmosphere.

Any of several faint, dark, narrow rings around Jupiter. Jupiter’s rings are so faint and tenuous that are only visible when viewed from behind Jupiter and are lit by the Sun, or directly viewed in the infrared where they faintly glow. Unlike → Saturn’s rings full of large icy and rock chunks, they are composed of tiny rock fragments and dust. Jupiter’s rings are continuously losing material and being resupplied with new dust from → meteorite impacts with Jupiter’s four inner moons (→ Metis, → Adrastea, → Amalthea, and → Thebe). Jupiter’s rings were discovered by NASA’s Voyager 1 in 1979.

They are composed of three parts: the → Main ring, a → Halo ring that orbits closer to Jupiter, and a very wide → Gossamer ring that extends far from Jupiter.

See also: → Jupiter; → ring.

Any of several faint, dark, narrow rings around Jupiter. Jupiter’s rings are so faint and tenuous that are only visible when viewed from behind Jupiter and are lit by the Sun, or directly viewed in the infrared where they faintly glow. Unlike → Saturn’s rings full of large icy and rock chunks, they are composed of tiny rock fragments and dust. Jupiter’s rings are continuously losing material and being resupplied with new dust from → meteorite impacts with Jupiter’s four inner moons (→ Metis, → Adrastea, → Amalthea, and → Thebe). Jupiter’s rings were discovered by NASA’s Voyager 1 in 1979.

They are composed of three parts: the → Main ring, a → Halo ring that orbits closer to Jupiter, and a very wide → Gossamer ring that extends far from Jupiter.

See also: → Jupiter; → ring.

→ Jurassic era.

See also: Named for the Jura Mountains on the border between France and Switzerland, where rocks of this age were first studied, + -assic, suffix extracted from Triassic.

→ Jurassic era.

See also: Named for the Jura Mountains on the border between France and Switzerland, where rocks of this age were first studied, + -assic, suffix extracted from Triassic.

A period of the Mesozoic era, spanning the time between the Triassic and the → Cretaceous periods, about 200 to 145 million years ago. The start of the period is marked by the major Triassic-Jurassic → mass extinction event.

See also: → Jurassic; → era.

A period of the Mesozoic era, spanning the time between the Triassic and the → Cretaceous periods, about 200 to 145 million years ago. The start of the period is marked by the major Triassic-Jurassic → mass extinction event.

See also: → Jurassic; → era.

1. Of or relating to the administration of justice.
   

2. Of or relating to law or jurisprudence; legal (Dictionary.com).

Etymology (EN): From L. iuridicalis “relating to right; pertaining to justice,” from iuridicus, from ius “right, law,” → jurist,

• dicere “to say, to speak.”

Etymology (PE): Dâdšenâxti, of or relating to dâdšenâxt, → jurisprudence

1. Of or relating to the administration of justice.
   

2. Of or relating to law or jurisprudence; legal (Dictionary.com).

Etymology (EN): From L. iuridicalis “relating to right; pertaining to justice,” from iuridicus, from ius “right, law,” → jurist,

• dicere “to say, to speak.”

Etymology (PE): Dâdšenâxti, of or relating to dâdšenâxt, → jurisprudence

1. The right, power, or authority to administer justice by hearing and determining controversies.
   

2. The extent or range of judicial, law enforcement, or other authority.
   

3. The territory over which authority is exercised (Dictionary.com).

Etymology (EN): M.E., from O.Fr. juridiccion and directly from L. iurisdictionem “administration of justice, jurisdiction,” from ius “right, law,” → just, + dictio “a saying; extent or range of administrative power.”

Etymology (PE): Dâdbaxšâ, from dâd, → justice,

• baxš “division; donor, distributor, divider,” from baxšidan “to divide, distribute, grant,” → division, + -ân suffix of attribution and nuance

1. The right, power, or authority to administer justice by hearing and determining controversies.
   

2. The extent or range of judicial, law enforcement, or other authority.
   

3. The territory over which authority is exercised (Dictionary.com).

Etymology (EN): M.E., from O.Fr. juridiccion and directly from L. iurisdictionem “administration of justice, jurisdiction,” from ius “right, law,” → just, + dictio “a saying; extent or range of administrative power.”

Etymology (PE): Dâdbaxšâ, from dâd, → justice,

• baxš “division; donor, distributor, divider,” from baxšidan “to divide, distribute, grant,” → division, + -ân suffix of attribution and nuance

1. The science or philosophy of law.
   

2. A body or system of laws.
   

3. Civil Law: Decisions of courts, especially of reviewing tribunals (Dictionary.com).

Etymology (EN): M.E., from Fr. jurisprudence and directly from L.L. iurisprudentia “the science of law,” from iuris “of right, of law” + prudentia “knowledge, a foreseeing, foresight, sagacity.”

Etymology (PE): Dâdšenâxt, literally “science of justice,” from dâd, → justice, + šenâxt “knowledge, science,” → -logy.

1. The science or philosophy of law.
   

2. A body or system of laws.
   

3. Civil Law: Decisions of courts, especially of reviewing tribunals (Dictionary.com).

Etymology (EN): M.E., from Fr. jurisprudence and directly from L.L. iurisprudentia “the science of law,” from iuris “of right, of law” + prudentia “knowledge, a foreseeing, foresight, sagacity.”

Etymology (PE): Dâdšenâxt, literally “science of justice,” from dâd, → justice, + šenâxt “knowledge, science,” → -logy.

A person versed in the law, as a judge, lawyer, or scholar.

Etymology (EN): M.E., from M.Fr. juriste, from M.L. iurista “jurist,” from L. ius “law,” → just.

Etymology (PE): Dâdšenâs, literally “knower of justice,” → jurisprudence.

A person versed in the law, as a judge, lawyer, or scholar.

Etymology (EN): M.E., from M.Fr. juriste, from M.L. iurista “jurist,” from L. ius “law,” → just.

Etymology (PE): Dâdšenâs, literally “knower of justice,” → jurisprudence.

1. Guided by truth, reason, justice, and fairness.
   

2. Done or made according to principle; equitable; proper.
   

3. Based on right; rightful; lawful (Dictionary.com).

Etymology (EN): M.E. juste, from O.Fr. juste “just, righteous,” from L. iustus “upright, equitable,” from ius “right,” especially “legal right, law,” from O.L. ious, perhaps literally “sacred formula.”

Etymology (PE): Dâdmand, from dâd “law, → justice.”
Râst, → right.
Dorost “whole, complete, right,” → integral.

1. Guided by truth, reason, justice, and fairness.
   

2. Done or made according to principle; equitable; proper.
   

3. Based on right; rightful; lawful (Dictionary.com).

Etymology (EN): M.E. juste, from O.Fr. juste “just, righteous,” from L. iustus “upright, equitable,” from ius “right,” especially “legal right, law,” from O.L. ious, perhaps literally “sacred formula.”

Etymology (PE): Dâdmand, from dâd “law, → justice.”
Râst, → right.
Dorost “whole, complete, right,” → integral.

1. The quality of being just; righteousness, equitableness, or moral rightness.
   

2. The moral principle determining just conduct.
   

3. The administering of deserved punishment or reward (Dictionary.com).

Etymology (EN): M.E., from O.Fr. justice “justice, legal rights, jurisdiction,” from L. iustitia “righteousness, equity,” from iustus “upright, → just.”

Etymology (PE): Dâd “justice, law” from Mid.Pers. dâd “law, justice, scriptures with legal content;” related to Mid.- and Mod.Pers. daheš “creation,” dâdan “to give;” Av. dā- “to place upon, give;” → datum.
Dâdmandi noun from dâmand, → just.
Dâdgari “administration of justice,” from dâdgar, literally “just doer,” “an administrator of justice,” from dâd + -gar, → -or.
Dâdgostari, from Dâdgostar, literally “justice spreader,” with gostar, from gostardan “to spread, → expand.”

1. The quality of being just; righteousness, equitableness, or moral rightness.
   

2. The moral principle determining just conduct.
   

3. The administering of deserved punishment or reward (Dictionary.com).

Etymology (EN): M.E., from O.Fr. justice “justice, legal rights, jurisdiction,” from L. iustitia “righteousness, equity,” from iustus “upright, → just.”

Etymology (PE): Dâd “justice, law” from Mid.Pers. dâd “law, justice, scriptures with legal content;” related to Mid.- and Mod.Pers. daheš “creation,” dâdan “to give;” Av. dā- “to place upon, give;” → datum.
Dâdmandi noun from dâmand, → just.
Dâdgari “administration of justice,” from dâdgar, literally “just doer,” “an administrator of justice,” from dâd + -gar, → -or.
Dâdgostari, from Dâdgostar, literally “justice spreader,” with gostar, from gostardan “to spread, → expand.”

1. A reason, fact, circumstance, or explanation that justifies or defends. What is offered as grounds for believing an assertion.
   
2. An act of justifying.

Etymology (EN): Verbal noun of → justify.

Etymology (PE): Râstâvard, from râst “right, true; just, upright, straight” (Mid.Pers. râst “true, straight, direct;” O.Pers. rāsta- “straight, true,” rās- “to be right, straight, true;” Av. rāz-
“to direct, put in line, set,” razan- “order;” cf. Skt. raj-
“to direct, stretch,” rjuyant- “walking straight;” Gk. orektos “stretched out;” L. regere “to lead straight, guide, rule,” p.p. rectus “right, straight;” Ger. recht; E. right; PIE base *reg- “move in a straight line,” hence, “to direct, rule”)

• âvard past stem of âvardan “to bring; to adduce, bring forward in argument or as evidence” (Mid.Pers. âwurtan, âvaritan; Av. ābar- “to bring; to possess,” from prefix ā- + Av./O.Pers. bar- “to bear, carry,” bareθre “to bear (infinitive),” bareθri “a female that bears (children), a mother;” Mod.Pers. bordan “to carry;” Skt. bharati “he carries;” Gk. pherein; L. fero “to carry”).

1. A reason, fact, circumstance, or explanation that justifies or defends. What is offered as grounds for believing an assertion.
   
2. An act of justifying.

Etymology (EN): Verbal noun of → justify.

Etymology (PE): Râstâvard, from râst “right, true; just, upright, straight” (Mid.Pers. râst “true, straight, direct;” O.Pers. rāsta- “straight, true,” rās- “to be right, straight, true;” Av. rāz-
“to direct, put in line, set,” razan- “order;” cf. Skt. raj-
“to direct, stretch,” rjuyant- “walking straight;” Gk. orektos “stretched out;” L. regere “to lead straight, guide, rule,” p.p. rectus “right, straight;” Ger. recht; E. right; PIE base *reg- “move in a straight line,” hence, “to direct, rule”)

• âvard past stem of âvardan “to bring; to adduce, bring forward in argument or as evidence” (Mid.Pers. âwurtan, âvaritan; Av. ābar- “to bring; to possess,” from prefix ā- + Av./O.Pers. bar- “to bear, carry,” bareθre “to bear (infinitive),” bareθri “a female that bears (children), a mother;” Mod.Pers. bordan “to carry;” Skt. bharati “he carries;” Gk. pherein; L. fero “to carry”).

1. To show (a claim, statement, act, etc.) to be right, reasonable, or proper.
   
2. To defend or uphold as warranted or well-grounded.
   
3. To adjust (a line of type) to fill a line of constant width.

Etymology (EN): Justify, from O.Fr. justifier “to show (something) to be just or right; to administer justice,” from L. justificare “act justly toward, make just,” from justificus “dealing justly, righteous,” from justus “just, upright, equitable,” from jus (gen. juris) “right,” from O.Latin ious, from PIE base *yewes- (cf. Av. yaož-da- “to purify ritually, to revitalize;” Skt. yos- “(long) life” + root of facere “to do” (from PIE base *dhe- “to put, to do;” cf. Mod.Pers. dâdan “to give;” O.Pers./Av. dā- “to give, grant, yield,” dadāiti “he gives; puts;” Skt. dadáti “puts, places;” Hitt. dai- “to place;” Gk. tithenai “to put, set, place;” Lith. deti “to put;” Czech diti, Pol. dziac’, Rus. det’ “to hide,” delat’ “to do;” O.H.G. tuon, Ger. tun, O.E. don “to do”).

Etymology (PE): Râstâvard kardan, râstâvardan, infinitives of râstâvard,
→ justification.

1. To show (a claim, statement, act, etc.) to be right, reasonable, or proper.
   
2. To defend or uphold as warranted or well-grounded.
   
3. To adjust (a line of type) to fill a line of constant width.

Etymology (EN): Justify, from O.Fr. justifier “to show (something) to be just or right; to administer justice,” from L. justificare “act justly toward, make just,” from justificus “dealing justly, righteous,” from justus “just, upright, equitable,” from jus (gen. juris) “right,” from O.Latin ious, from PIE base *yewes- (cf. Av. yaož-da- “to purify ritually, to revitalize;” Skt. yos- “(long) life” + root of facere “to do” (from PIE base *dhe- “to put, to do;” cf. Mod.Pers. dâdan “to give;” O.Pers./Av. dā- “to give, grant, yield,” dadāiti “he gives; puts;” Skt. dadáti “puts, places;” Hitt. dai- “to place;” Gk. tithenai “to put, set, place;” Lith. deti “to put;” Czech diti, Pol. dziac’, Rus. det’ “to hide,” delat’ “to do;” O.H.G. tuon, Ger. tun, O.E. don “to do”).

Etymology (PE): Râstâvard kardan, râstâvardan, infinitives of râstâvard,
→ justification.