An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics

The proposal whereby the → Universe would not have begun with a → singularity. Instead, the → Big Bang would be an ordinary point of → space-time. The proposal, advanced by James Hartle and Stephen Hawking (1983) results from an attempt to combine aspects of → general relativity and → quantum mechanics. Based on an imaginary time assumption, it predicts a closed Universe that would start at a single point, that can be compared to the North Pole of the Earth on a two-dimensional space.
Before the → Planck era there was space, but
the real time began with the Big Bang event. → Hartle-Hawking initial state.

See also: → boundary; → hypothesis.

The proposal whereby the → Universe would not have begun with a → singularity. Instead, the → Big Bang would be an ordinary point of → space-time. The proposal, advanced by James Hartle and Stephen Hawking (1983) results from an attempt to combine aspects of → general relativity and → quantum mechanics. Based on an imaginary time assumption, it predicts a closed Universe that would start at a single point, that can be compared to the North Pole of the Earth on a two-dimensional space.
Before the → Planck era there was space, but
the real time began with the Big Bang event. → Hartle-Hawking initial state.

See also: → boundary; → hypothesis.

There are only three parameters that can be applied by an outside observer relating to a → black hole: → mass, → electric charge, and → angular momentum. The collapse of a star into a black hole wipes out all other details of its structure, and the observer can never discover any other properties of the star which formed the black hole. In other words, none of its characteristics leave any trace outside the black hole, and that is what is meant by “hair.”

Etymology (EN): No, M.E., from O.E. na “never, no,” cognate with Pers. na, nâ, → non-; → hair;
→ theorem.

Etymology (PE): Farbin, → theorem; bimuyi, noun from bimu “without hair,” from bi- “without” (→ in-) + mu, → hair.
Kacali “baldness,” from kacal “bald,” also “crooked, bandy-legged,” from kajal, from kaj “crooked, curved, bent” + → -al; probably unrelated to kal “bald,” → colure.

There are only three parameters that can be applied by an outside observer relating to a → black hole: → mass, → electric charge, and → angular momentum. The collapse of a star into a black hole wipes out all other details of its structure, and the observer can never discover any other properties of the star which formed the black hole. In other words, none of its characteristics leave any trace outside the black hole, and that is what is meant by “hair.”

Etymology (EN): No, M.E., from O.E. na “never, no,” cognate with Pers. na, nâ, → non-; → hair;
→ theorem.

Etymology (PE): Farbin, → theorem; bimuyi, noun from bimu “without hair,” from bi- “without” (→ in-) + mu, → hair.
Kacali “baldness,” from kacal “bald,” also “crooked, bandy-legged,” from kajal, from kaj “crooked, curved, bent” + → -al; probably unrelated to kal “bald,” → colure.

Noachian era = dowrân-e Nuhiyâné     دوران ِ نوحیانه

Fr.: ère noachienne

The oldest geological era on Mars, which started from the planet’s birth and lasted until about 3.8 billion years ago. Features such as dried-up river valleys and delta features suggest that the climate may have been warmer and wetter. It is believed also that lakes and oceans could have existed. → Amazonian era; → Hesperian era.

See also: The oldest geological era on Mars, which started from the planet’s birth and lasted until about 3.8 billion years ago. Features such as dried-up river valleys and delta features suggest that the climate may have been warmer and wetter. It is believed also that lakes and oceans could have existed. → Amazonian era; → Hesperian era.

Noachian, named for → Noachis Terra “Land of Noah;” → era.

Noachian era = dowrân-e Nuhiyâné     دوران ِ نوحیانه

Fr.: ère noachienne

The oldest geological era on Mars, which started from the planet’s birth and lasted until about 3.8 billion years ago. Features such as dried-up river valleys and delta features suggest that the climate may have been warmer and wetter. It is believed also that lakes and oceans could have existed. → Amazonian era; → Hesperian era.

See also: The oldest geological era on Mars, which started from the planet’s birth and lasted until about 3.8 billion years ago. Features such as dried-up river valleys and delta features suggest that the climate may have been warmer and wetter. It is believed also that lakes and oceans could have existed. → Amazonian era; → Hesperian era.

Noachian, named for → Noachis Terra “Land of Noah;” → era.

An extensive southern terrain of the planet Mars. One of the oldest terrains on Mars, it lies roughly between the latitudes -20° and -80° and longitudes 30° west and 30° east.

Etymology (EN): L. Noachis Terra “Land of Noah.”

Etymology (PE): Zamin “land,” → earth; Nuhiyâné adj. of Nuhi “related to Nuh,” from Nuh (نوح) “Noah.”

An extensive southern terrain of the planet Mars. One of the oldest terrains on Mars, it lies roughly between the latitudes -20° and -80° and longitudes 30° west and 30° east.

Etymology (EN): L. Noachis Terra “Land of Noah.”

Etymology (PE): Zamin “land,” → earth; Nuhiyâné adj. of Nuhi “related to Nuh,” from Nuh (نوح) “Noah.”

A gaseous chemical element that does not readily enter into chemical combination with other elements. Examples are helium, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. Same as → inert gas.

Etymology (EN): Noble, from O.Fr. noble, from L. nobilis “well-known, famous, of superior birth,” earlier gnobilis, literally “knowable,” from gnoscere “to come to know” (Fr. connaître; Sp. conocer); cognate with Pers. šenâxtan “to know, discern, distinguish, be acquainted with;”
Mid.Pers. šnâxtan, šnâs- “to know, recognize,” dânistan “to know;” O.Pers./Av. xšnā- “to know, learn, come to know, recognize;”
cf. Skt. jñā- “to recognize, know,” jānāti “he knows;” Gk. gignoskein “to know, think, judge;” P.Gmc. *knoeanan; O.E. cnawan; E. know; Rus. znat “to know;” PIE base *gno- “to know;” → gas.

Etymology (PE): Gâz, → gas; huped “noble,” from Mid.Pers. hupid “noble,” from hu- “good, well” (Mid.Pers. hu-; O.Pers. ^hu- “good, well” (ukāra- “having good people”); Av. hu-, hū- “well, good, beautiful” (hu-kərp- “well-shapen,” hūxta- “well spoken,” hu-manah- “good-minded”); cf.
Skt. su- “good” (svasti “well-being, good luck,” sumánas- “good-minded,” sūktá- “well spoken”); L. from Gk. eu “well,” combining form of eus “good” (hu-gies “healthy”); Gallic su-; O.S. su-; Welsh hy-; PIE base *su-) + pid “father,” variant of pidar; Mod.Pers.
pedar “father” (O.Pers. pitā- “father;” Av. patar-; Skt. pitár-; Gk. pater; L. pater, O.H.G. fater).

A gaseous chemical element that does not readily enter into chemical combination with other elements. Examples are helium, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. Same as → inert gas.

Etymology (EN): Noble, from O.Fr. noble, from L. nobilis “well-known, famous, of superior birth,” earlier gnobilis, literally “knowable,” from gnoscere “to come to know” (Fr. connaître; Sp. conocer); cognate with Pers. šenâxtan “to know, discern, distinguish, be acquainted with;”
Mid.Pers. šnâxtan, šnâs- “to know, recognize,” dânistan “to know;” O.Pers./Av. xšnā- “to know, learn, come to know, recognize;”
cf. Skt. jñā- “to recognize, know,” jānāti “he knows;” Gk. gignoskein “to know, think, judge;” P.Gmc. *knoeanan; O.E. cnawan; E. know; Rus. znat “to know;” PIE base *gno- “to know;” → gas.

Etymology (PE): Gâz, → gas; huped “noble,” from Mid.Pers. hupid “noble,” from hu- “good, well” (Mid.Pers. hu-; O.Pers. ^hu- “good, well” (ukāra- “having good people”); Av. hu-, hū- “well, good, beautiful” (hu-kərp- “well-shapen,” hūxta- “well spoken,” hu-manah- “good-minded”); cf.
Skt. su- “good” (svasti “well-being, good luck,” sumánas- “good-minded,” sūktá- “well spoken”); L. from Gk. eu “well,” combining form of eus “good” (hu-gies “healthy”); Gallic su-; O.S. su-; Welsh hy-; PIE base *su-) + pid “father,” variant of pidar; Mod.Pers.
pedar “father” (O.Pers. pitā- “father;” Av. patar-; Skt. pitár-; Gk. pater; L. pater, O.H.G. fater).

The end part of an → arrow having a notch for holding the bowstring.

Etymology (EN): M.E. nok(ke); of uncertain origin; cf. Swedish nock “notch;”
also M.L.G. nokk, Dutch nok “tip of a sail.”

Etymology (PE): Sufâr “the notch in the arrow which receives the string,” also “the eye of needle,” related to softan, sombidan “to pierce;” Mid.Pers. sôftan “to pierce, bore;” cf. Pashtu suray, Wakhi sərv “hole, cavity,” Munji surv “hole,” Yidgha surv, Kurd. sontin; Proto-Ir. sup, sub, sump, sumb “to pierce.”

The end part of an → arrow having a notch for holding the bowstring.

Etymology (EN): M.E. nok(ke); of uncertain origin; cf. Swedish nock “notch;”
also M.L.G. nokk, Dutch nok “tip of a sail.”

Etymology (PE): Sufâr “the notch in the arrow which receives the string,” also “the eye of needle,” related to softan, sombidan “to pierce;” Mid.Pers. sôftan “to pierce, bore;” cf. Pashtu suray, Wakhi sərv “hole, cavity,” Munji surv “hole,” Yidgha surv, Kurd. sontin; Proto-Ir. sup, sub, sump, sumb “to pierce.”

The highest clouds in the Earth’s atmosphere, at altitudes between 75 and 90 km. They resemble thin cirrus clouds with a bluish or silverish color, and are visible only during twilight.

Etymology (EN): From nocti- combining form of L. nox, → night, + L. lucent p.p. of lucere “to shine,” from lux→ light; → cloud.

Etymology (PE): Abr, → cloud, + šabtâb “noctilucent,” from šab, → night, + tâb present stem of tâbidan “to shine,” → luminous.

The highest clouds in the Earth’s atmosphere, at altitudes between 75 and 90 km. They resemble thin cirrus clouds with a bluish or silverish color, and are visible only during twilight.

Etymology (EN): From nocti- combining form of L. nox, → night, + L. lucent p.p. of lucere “to shine,” from lux→ light; → cloud.

Etymology (PE): Abr, → cloud, + šabtâb “noctilucent,” from šab, → night, + tâb present stem of tâbidan “to shine,” → luminous.

Relating to or of the nature of a node.

See also: → node; → -al.

Relating to or of the nature of a node.

See also: → node; → -al.

The line connecting the ascending and descending nodes of an orbit.

See also: → nodal; → line.

The line connecting the ascending and descending nodes of an orbit.

See also: → nodal; → line.

Any of the two points on the → axis of a → lens system, such that if the → incident ray passes through one, travelling in a given direction, the → emergent ray passes the other in a parallel direction.

See also: → nodal; → point.

Any of the two points on the → axis of a → lens system, such that if the → incident ray passes through one, travelling in a given direction, the → emergent ray passes the other in a parallel direction.

See also: → nodal; → point.

For a ring inclined to the planet’s equator, the points at which the ring crosses the equator (nodes) slowly move around the planet (regress) in a direction opposite to that of the ring’s orbital motion. (Ellis et al., 2007, Planetary Ring Systems, Springer).

See also: → nodal; → regression.

For a ring inclined to the planet’s equator, the points at which the ring crosses the equator (nodes) slowly move around the planet (regress) in a direction opposite to that of the ring’s orbital motion. (Ellis et al., 2007, Planetary Ring Systems, Springer).

See also: → nodal; → regression.

1. A point of zero → amplitude in a system of → stationary waves. See also → antinode.
   

2. A → junction point in a network.
   

3. Same as → orbital node; see also → lunar node.
   

4. In → graph theory, same as → vertex.

Etymology (EN): From L. nodus “knot;” cognate with necto “I bind,” Skt. nahyati “binds, ties,” Av. naska-, “bundle,” Old Irish nascim “to bind,” Old Norse knutr, Norwegian knut, Icelandic hnutur, O.E. cnotta, Modern E. knot, O.H.G. knotto, Ger. Knoten; PIE root *ned- “to bind, tie.”

Etymology (PE): Gereh “knot,” from Mid.Pers. grih “knot;” Sogdian γr’nš “knot, bond, joining;” Khotanese grantha- “knot;” cf. Skt. granthi- “knot.”

1. A point of zero → amplitude in a system of → stationary waves. See also → antinode.
   

2. A → junction point in a network.
   

3. Same as → orbital node; see also → lunar node.
   

4. In → graph theory, same as → vertex.

Etymology (EN): From L. nodus “knot;” cognate with necto “I bind,” Skt. nahyati “binds, ties,” Av. naska-, “bundle,” Old Irish nascim “to bind,” Old Norse knutr, Norwegian knut, Icelandic hnutur, O.E. cnotta, Modern E. knot, O.H.G. knotto, Ger. Knoten; PIE root *ned- “to bind, tie.”

Etymology (PE): Gereh “knot,” from Mid.Pers. grih “knot;” Sogdian γr’nš “knot, bond, joining;” Khotanese grantha- “knot;” cf. Skt. granthi- “knot.”

The time interval between two successive passages of the Moon through its ascending node (27.212220 days, i.e., 27 days 5 hours 5 minutes 35.8 seconds). Nodical month is important for predicting eclipses. Also called → draconic month.

Etymology (EN): Nodical adj. of → node; → month.

Etymology (PE): Mâh, → month; gerehi, adj. of gereh,
→ node; gowzahri→ draconic month.

The time interval between two successive passages of the Moon through its ascending node (27.212220 days, i.e., 27 days 5 hours 5 minutes 35.8 seconds). Nodical month is important for predicting eclipses. Also called → draconic month.

Etymology (EN): Nodical adj. of → node; → month.

Etymology (PE): Mâh, → month; gerehi, adj. of gereh,
→ node; gowzahri→ draconic month.

1. A small node, knot, or knob.
   

   2. A small, rounded mass or lump.

Etymology (EN): From L. nodulus “small knot;” → node, → -ule.

Etymology (PE): Gerhule, from gereh, → node, + -ul, → -ule.

1. A small node, knot, or knob.
   

   2. A small, rounded mass or lump.

Etymology (EN): From L. nodulus “small knot;” → node, → -ule.

Etymology (PE): Gerhule, from gereh, → node, + -ul, → -ule.

A → symmetry in a physical system leads to a → conserved quantity. For example, symmetry under → translation corresponds to conservation of → momentum, symmetry under → rotation to conservation of → angular momentum, and symmetry in → time to conservation of → energy. The Noether symmetry theorem is a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations,
allowing to derive conserved quantities from the existence of variational symmetries.

See also: Named in honor of the German-American woman mathematician Amalie Emmy Noether (1182-1935), who published the theorem in 1918 (“Invariante Variationsprobleme,” Nachr. D. König. Gesellsch. D. Wiss. Zu Göttingen, Math-phys. Klasse 1918: 235-257).

A → symmetry in a physical system leads to a → conserved quantity. For example, symmetry under → translation corresponds to conservation of → momentum, symmetry under → rotation to conservation of → angular momentum, and symmetry in → time to conservation of → energy. The Noether symmetry theorem is a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations,
allowing to derive conserved quantities from the existence of variational symmetries.

See also: Named in honor of the German-American woman mathematician Amalie Emmy Noether (1182-1935), who published the theorem in 1918 (“Invariante Variationsprobleme,” Nachr. D. König. Gesellsch. D. Wiss. Zu Göttingen, Math-phys. Klasse 1918: 235-257).

1. The → random → fluctuations
   that are always associated with a measurement that is repeated many times over. Any unwanted disturbance, random or → systematic, which contaminates the → signal from an object under study. More specifically:
   

2. Electronics: An undesired signal within the useful frequency band.
   

3. Acoustics: Any extraneous sound tending to interfere with the perception of wanted sound.
   

See also:
→ atmospheric noise, → background noise, → cosmic radio noise, → dark current noise, → Galactic radio noise, → Johnson-Nyquist noise, → noise source, → noise temperature, → noise voltage, → noise-equivalent power, → photon noise, → quantum noise, → radio noise, → random noise, → readout noise, → receiver noise, → Schottky noise, → shot noise, → signal-to-noise ratio, → speckle noise, → stationary noise, → system noise, → thermal noise, → white noise.

Etymology (EN): Noise, of obscure origin; it has been related to O.Fr. noise “uproar, brawl,” apparently from L. nausea “disgust, annoyance,” literally “seasickness.” Alternatively the O.Fr. word is traced to L. noxia “hurting, injury, damage.”

Etymology (PE): Nufé “noise,” related to Mod.Pers. noyidan “to cry loud, lament,”
navidan, nâvidan “to lament,” noyé, nôyah “plaint, mown,” navâ “sound, song,” (with prefix *uz-) zenudan, zenav-, zonudan “to wail,” Ossetic niwyn/newun “to howl,” O.Khotanese nuva- “to make a noise,”
Yaqnâvi nuyok “crying, howling,” novva “sound,” Shahmirzâdi nâv- “to cry; cf. Skt. nav- “to sound loudly, roar,” náva- “show of joy or triumph;” L. nuntius “messenger,” adnuntiare “to annoince;” Tocharian AB nu- “to roar, PIE *neu- “to shout”.

1. The → random → fluctuations
   that are always associated with a measurement that is repeated many times over. Any unwanted disturbance, random or → systematic, which contaminates the → signal from an object under study. More specifically:
   

2. Electronics: An undesired signal within the useful frequency band.
   

3. Acoustics: Any extraneous sound tending to interfere with the perception of wanted sound.
   

See also:
→ atmospheric noise, → background noise, → cosmic radio noise, → dark current noise, → Galactic radio noise, → Johnson-Nyquist noise, → noise source, → noise temperature, → noise voltage, → noise-equivalent power, → photon noise, → quantum noise, → radio noise, → random noise, → readout noise, → receiver noise, → Schottky noise, → shot noise, → signal-to-noise ratio, → speckle noise, → stationary noise, → system noise, → thermal noise, → white noise.

Etymology (EN): Noise, of obscure origin; it has been related to O.Fr. noise “uproar, brawl,” apparently from L. nausea “disgust, annoyance,” literally “seasickness.” Alternatively the O.Fr. word is traced to L. noxia “hurting, injury, damage.”

Etymology (PE): Nufé “noise,” related to Mod.Pers. noyidan “to cry loud, lament,”
navidan, nâvidan “to lament,” noyé, nôyah “plaint, mown,” navâ “sound, song,” (with prefix *uz-) zenudan, zenav-, zonudan “to wail,” Ossetic niwyn/newun “to howl,” O.Khotanese nuva- “to make a noise,”
Yaqnâvi nuyok “crying, howling,” novva “sound,” Shahmirzâdi nâv- “to cry; cf. Skt. nav- “to sound loudly, roar,” náva- “show of joy or triumph;” L. nuntius “messenger,” adnuntiare “to annoince;” Tocharian AB nu- “to roar, PIE *neu- “to shout”.

An electronic device designed to generate known amounts of radio noise in order to test and calibrate the receivers of radio telescopes.

See also: → noise; → source.

An electronic device designed to generate known amounts of radio noise in order to test and calibrate the receivers of radio telescopes.

See also: → noise; → source.

A means for specifying the noise generated as unwanted → electromagnetic radiation
in a receiver system or one of its components. It is usually measured in terms of the equivalent temperature in a → Rayleigh-Jeans spectrum. Noise temperature is used mainly in radio astronomy.

See also: → noise; → temperature.

A means for specifying the noise generated as unwanted → electromagnetic radiation
in a receiver system or one of its components. It is usually measured in terms of the equivalent temperature in a → Rayleigh-Jeans spectrum. Noise temperature is used mainly in radio astronomy.

See also: → noise; → temperature.

Fluctuations of electric potential in a physical system due to spontaneous disturbances in the system.

See also: → noise; → voltage.

Fluctuations of electric potential in a physical system due to spontaneous disturbances in the system.

See also: → noise; → voltage.

A measure of the sensitivity of an electronic detector, defined as
the power input to the detector that will create a signal to noise ratio of one for an integration time of half a second.

See also: → noise; → equivalent; → power.

A measure of the sensitivity of an electronic detector, defined as
the power input to the detector that will create a signal to noise ratio of one for an integration time of half a second.

See also: → noise; → equivalent; → power.

A set or system of names or terms assigned to objects or items in a particular science or art.

Etymology (EN): From Fr. nomenclature, from L. nomenclatura “calling of names,” from nomenclator, variant of nomenculator “one who announces names, namer,” from nomen, → name,

• calator “caller,” from calare “to call.”

Etymology (PE): Nâmgozâri, from nâm, → name, + gozâri, verbal noun of gozâštan “to place, put; to allow, let,” related to gozaštan “to pass, proceed, go over;” Mid.Pers. vitar- “to let pass, lead; to pass;” O.Pers. vitar- “to go across,” viytarrayam “I put across;” Av.
tar- “to cross over,” vī-tərəta- “taken away, isolated;” ultimately Proto-Ir. *ui-tar-.

A set or system of names or terms assigned to objects or items in a particular science or art.

Etymology (EN): From Fr. nomenclature, from L. nomenclatura “calling of names,” from nomenclator, variant of nomenculator “one who announces names, namer,” from nomen, → name,

• calator “caller,” from calare “to call.”

Etymology (PE): Nâmgozâri, from nâm, → name, + gozâri, verbal noun of gozâštan “to place, put; to allow, let,” related to gozaštan “to pass, proceed, go over;” Mid.Pers. vitar- “to let pass, lead; to pass;” O.Pers. vitar- “to go across,” viytarrayam “I put across;” Av.
tar- “to cross over,” vī-tərəta- “taken away, isolated;” ultimately Proto-Ir. *ui-tar-.

1. Of, pertaining to, or constituting a name or names, a noun or nouns.
   

2. Describing a value quoted for commodity, expectation, or its current estimate, as opposed to the actual value. → nominal value.
   

3. Within acceptable limits; as expected.
   

4. a) Grammar: Relating to a noun or to any word or word group that functions as a noun.
   b) A word which differs from a noun but functions as one.

Etymology (EN): From L. nominalis “pertaining to a name or names,” from nomen “name,” cognate with Pers. nâm, as below.

Etymology (PE): Nâmenâl, from nâmen, from O.Pers./Av.nâman-, → name, + suffix -al.

1. Of, pertaining to, or constituting a name or names, a noun or nouns.
   

2. Describing a value quoted for commodity, expectation, or its current estimate, as opposed to the actual value. → nominal value.
   

3. Within acceptable limits; as expected.
   

4. a) Grammar: Relating to a noun or to any word or word group that functions as a noun.
   b) A word which differs from a noun but functions as one.

Etymology (EN): From L. nominalis “pertaining to a name or names,” from nomen “name,” cognate with Pers. nâm, as below.

Etymology (PE): Nâmenâl, from nâmen, from O.Pers./Av.nâman-, → name, + suffix -al.

An approximate value of the → focal length, used for the classification of lenses, mirrors, or cameras, as opposed to the measured one.

See also: → nominal; → focal; → length.

An approximate value of the → focal length, used for the classification of lenses, mirrors, or cameras, as opposed to the measured one.

See also: → nominal; → focal; → length.

The assigned, specified, or intended value of a quantity.

See also: → nominal; → value.

The assigned, specified, or intended value of a quantity.

See also: → nominal; → value.

1. To propose (someone) for appointment or election to an office; to appoint to a duty or office.
   

   2. To name; designate.

Etymology (EN): From L. nominatus, p.p. of nominare “to name, call by name, give a name to,” also “name for office,” from nomen, → name.

Etymology (PE): Nâmenidan, from nâmen, from O.Pers./Av.nâman-, → name, + infinitive suffix -idan.

1. To propose (someone) for appointment or election to an office; to appoint to a duty or office.
   

   2. To name; designate.

Etymology (EN): From L. nominatus, p.p. of nominare “to name, call by name, give a name to,” also “name for office,” from nomen, → name.

Etymology (PE): Nâmenidan, from nâmen, from O.Pers./Av.nâman-, → name, + infinitive suffix -idan.

Having received a → nomination.

See also: Past participle of → nominate.

Having received a → nomination.

See also: Past participle of → nominate.

An act or instance of nominating, especially to office. The state of being nominated (Dictionary.com).

See also: Verbal noun of → nominate.

An act or instance of nominating, especially to office. The state of being nominated (Dictionary.com).

See also: Verbal noun of → nominate.

1. → nominative case.
   

   2. Similar to such a case in function or meaning.
      

   3. Made out in a person’s name (Dictionary.com).

Etymology (EN): From L. nominativus “belonging to naming,” from nomen, → name.

Etymology (PE): Karini, relating to or denoting karin, → subject.

1. → nominative case.
   

   2. Similar to such a case in function or meaning.
      

   3. Made out in a person’s name (Dictionary.com).

Etymology (EN): From L. nominativus “belonging to naming,” from nomen, → name.

Etymology (PE): Karini, relating to or denoting karin, → subject.

Grammar: In certain inflected languages (as Sanskrit, Avestan, Greek, Latin, German, and Russian), relating to or denoting a case of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives having as its function the indication of the subject of a verb. Same as subjective case.

See also: → nominative; → case.

Grammar: In certain inflected languages (as Sanskrit, Avestan, Greek, Latin, German, and Russian), relating to or denoting a case of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives having as its function the indication of the subject of a verb. Same as subjective case.

See also: → nominative; → case.

One who nominates.

See also: → nominate; → -or.

One who nominates.

See also: → nominate; → -or.

A person who is nominated as a candidate for a job, position, or award.

Etymology (EN): → nominate + -ee a suffix that adds to transitive verbs to form nouns denoting a person who is the object or beneficiary of the act specified by the verb (addressee; employee; grantee).

Etymology (PE): From nâmen-, present stem of nâmenidan, → nominate, + agent noun suffix -bar (from bordan “carry, bear”), as in payâmbar, râhbar, farmânbar.

A person who is nominated as a candidate for a job, position, or award.

Etymology (EN): → nominate + -ee a suffix that adds to transitive verbs to form nouns denoting a person who is the object or beneficiary of the act specified by the verb (addressee; employee; grantee).

Etymology (PE): From nâmen-, present stem of nâmenidan, → nominate, + agent noun suffix -bar (from bordan “carry, bear”), as in payâmbar, râhbar, farmânbar.

A prefix meaning “not.”

Etymology (EN): From O.Fr. non-, from L. non “not,” from Old L. noenum “not one;” in some cases perhaps from M.E. non “not” (adj.), from O.E. nan.

Etymology (PE): Nâ- “no, not,” variants na, ni, ma- (prohibitive) “not;” from
Mid.Pers. nê, ma “no, not;” O.Pers. naiy, nai “not;” Av. nôit, naē “not;” cf. Skt. ná “not;” cf. L. ne-, in-, un-; Gk. ni; Lith. nè; O.C.S. ne “not;” PIE *ne-.

A prefix meaning “not.”

Etymology (EN): From O.Fr. non-, from L. non “not,” from Old L. noenum “not one;” in some cases perhaps from M.E. non “not” (adj.), from O.E. nan.

Etymology (PE): Nâ- “no, not,” variants na, ni, ma- (prohibitive) “not;” from
Mid.Pers. nê, ma “no, not;” O.Pers. naiy, nai “not;” Av. nôit, naē “not;” cf. Skt. ná “not;” cf. L. ne-, in-, un-; Gk. ni; Lith. nè; O.C.S. ne “not;” PIE *ne-.

A → transcendental function. Examples are: exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions.

See also: → non-; → algebraic + → function.

A → transcendental function. Examples are: exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions.

See also: → non-; → algebraic + → function.

→ Dark matter composed of → non-baryonic particles.

See also: → non-; → baryonic; → dark; → matter.

→ Dark matter composed of → non-baryonic particles.

See also: → non-; → baryonic; → dark; → matter.

Matter that, unlike the ordinary matter, is not made of baryons (including the neutrons and protons). It is proposed as a possible constituent of dark matter.

See also: → non-; → baryonic matter.

Matter that, unlike the ordinary matter, is not made of baryons (including the neutrons and protons). It is proposed as a possible constituent of dark matter.

See also: → non-; → baryonic matter.

Radiation having waves that are out of phase in space and/or time; radiation which is not → coherent.

See also: → non-; → coherent; → radiation.

Radiation having waves that are out of phase in space and/or time; radiation which is not → coherent.

See also: → non-; → coherent; → radiation.

Describing a → proposition that is either → true in every possible circumstance or → false in every possible circumstance. A proposition that is not → contingent.

See also: → non-; → contingent.

Describing a → proposition that is either → true in every possible circumstance or → false in every possible circumstance. A proposition that is not → contingent.

See also: → non-; → contingent.

A medium in which the → phase velocity is independent of frequency.

See also: → non-; → dispersive; → medium.

A medium in which the → phase velocity is independent of frequency.

See also: → non-; → dispersive; → medium.

Any of several geometries which do not follow the postulates and results of Euclidean geometry. For example, in a non-Euclidean geometry through a point several lines can be drawn parallel to another line. Or, the sum of the interior angles of a triangle differs from 180 degrees. According to Einstein’s general relativity theory, gravity distorts space into a non-Euclidean geometry.

See also: → non-; → Euclidean geometry.

Any of several geometries which do not follow the postulates and results of Euclidean geometry. For example, in a non-Euclidean geometry through a point several lines can be drawn parallel to another line. Or, the sum of the interior angles of a triangle differs from 180 degrees. According to Einstein’s general relativity theory, gravity distorts space into a non-Euclidean geometry.

See also: → non-; → Euclidean geometry.

A → multiple star system that lacks the characteristics of a → hierarchical multiple system.

See also: → non-; → hierarchical; → multiple; → system.

A → multiple star system that lacks the characteristics of a → hierarchical multiple system.

See also: → non-; → hierarchical; → multiple; → system.

A → magnetohydrodynamics approach dealing with → plasmas which is an improvement with respect to → ideal magnetohydrodynamics. Non-ideal magnetohydrodynamics allows for a drift between particles, redistributing the → magnetic flux and acting on both the → angular momentum and magnetic flux conservation issues.

See also: → non-→ ideal; → magnetohydrodynamics.

A → magnetohydrodynamics approach dealing with → plasmas which is an improvement with respect to → ideal magnetohydrodynamics. Non-ideal magnetohydrodynamics allows for a drift between particles, redistributing the → magnetic flux and acting on both the → angular momentum and magnetic flux conservation issues.

See also: → non-→ ideal; → magnetohydrodynamics.

Any frame of reference in which the law of inertia does not apply, such as in accelerating and rotating frames. For example,
the Earth is a non-inertial frame because it is rotating about its axis. But the rotation is so slow that the associated acceleration is negligible compared to other accelerations commonly encountered in everyday life. However, the non-inertial nature of the Earth appears in, e.g., the → Coriolis effect. → inertial reference frame.

See also: → non-; → inertial; → frame.

Any frame of reference in which the law of inertia does not apply, such as in accelerating and rotating frames. For example,
the Earth is a non-inertial frame because it is rotating about its axis. But the rotation is so slow that the associated acceleration is negligible compared to other accelerations commonly encountered in everyday life. However, the non-inertial nature of the Earth appears in, e.g., the → Coriolis effect. → inertial reference frame.

See also: → non-; → inertial; → frame.

Not ionized, → neutral.

See also: → non-; → ionized.

Not ionized, → neutral.

See also: → non-; → ionized.

A physical condition in which the assumption of the → local thermodynamic equilibrium does not hold.

See also: → non-; → local thermodynamic equilibrium.

A physical condition in which the assumption of the → local thermodynamic equilibrium does not hold.

See also: → non-; → local thermodynamic equilibrium.

Not ordinary matter. Same as → dark matter.

See also: → non-; → luminous; → matter.

Not ordinary matter. Same as → dark matter.

See also: → non-; → luminous; → matter.

A → tumbling motion of an → asteroid. See also → tumbling asteroid.

See also: → non-; → principal axis; → rotational; → motion.

A → tumbling motion of an → asteroid. See also → tumbling asteroid.

See also: → non-; → principal axis; → rotational; → motion.

A type of stellar pulsation in which waves run in different directions on and beneath the surface of a star.

See also: → non-; → radial;
→ pulsation.

A type of stellar pulsation in which waves run in different directions on and beneath the surface of a star.

See also: → non-; → radial;
→ pulsation.

An process in which an excited state returns to the ground state
without emitting radiation. → radiative process.

See also: → non-; → radiative; → process.

An process in which an excited state returns to the ground state
without emitting radiation. → radiative process.

See also: → non-; → radiative; → process.

Not concerned with or based on the → theory of relativity. See also:
→ non-relativistic electron, → non-relativistic mechanics, → relativistic.

See also: → non-; → relativistic.

Not concerned with or based on the → theory of relativity. See also:
→ non-relativistic electron, → non-relativistic mechanics, → relativistic.

See also: → non-; → relativistic.

An electron that does not experience relativistic effects since its velocity is very small compared to that of light.

See also: → non-relativistic; → electron.

An electron that does not experience relativistic effects since its velocity is very small compared to that of light.

See also: → non-relativistic; → electron.

Mechanics in which the masses under consideration move at speeds much slower than the speed of light.

See also: → non-relativistic; → mechanics.

Mechanics in which the masses under consideration move at speeds much slower than the speed of light.

See also: → non-relativistic; → mechanics.

The nature of a → non-thermal radiation.

See also: → non-; → thermal.

The nature of a → non-thermal radiation.

See also: → non-; → thermal.

→ non-thermal radiation.

See also: → non-thermal; → emission.

→ non-thermal radiation.

See also: → non-thermal; → emission.

Any of many long and slender structures visible in → radio continuum images of the inner hundred parsecs of the → Galactic Center. NTFs are typically tens of parsecs long and only a fraction of parsec wide. They may occur in isolation or in bundles, such as those comprising the linear portion of the prominent → radio Arc. Their → non-thermal spectrum and strong → linear polarization indicate → synchrotron radiation. The magnetic fields in the NTFs have been estimated from various means. Early estimates centered on the radio Arc, and focused on a comparison between the → magnetic pressure and the estimated → ram pressure from nearby → molecular cloud interactions, indicated magnetic field strengths as high as 1 mG (Morris and Yusef-Zadeh 1985). More recent observations, however, have pointed to significantly weaker magnetic fields among the population of NTFs. Synchrotron models of the radio spectrum imply equipartition magnetic fields between 50-200 μG. Theoretically, it has been challenging to understand the nature of these filaments that resemble extragalactic → radio jets but are not accompanied with any obvious source of acceleration of charged particles to high energy → relativistic energies. Although a number of detailed models have been considered, there is no consensus as to the origin of the
NTFs. These models suggest that molecular and ionized gas clouds, mass-losing stars, → Galactic winds, magnetic activity of the → supermassive black hole at the Galactic center, and → lepton production due to → dark matter annihilation play a role in the processes that lead to the production of the NTFs (Linden et al. 2011, ApJ 741,95, and references therein). In most models, the magnetic field is strong and its global geometry in the central region of the Galaxy is considered to be → poloidal and static. However, some recent models have argued that the magnetic field is local and dynamic.

See also: → non-thermal; → filament.

Any of many long and slender structures visible in → radio continuum images of the inner hundred parsecs of the → Galactic Center. NTFs are typically tens of parsecs long and only a fraction of parsec wide. They may occur in isolation or in bundles, such as those comprising the linear portion of the prominent → radio Arc. Their → non-thermal spectrum and strong → linear polarization indicate → synchrotron radiation. The magnetic fields in the NTFs have been estimated from various means. Early estimates centered on the radio Arc, and focused on a comparison between the → magnetic pressure and the estimated → ram pressure from nearby → molecular cloud interactions, indicated magnetic field strengths as high as 1 mG (Morris and Yusef-Zadeh 1985). More recent observations, however, have pointed to significantly weaker magnetic fields among the population of NTFs. Synchrotron models of the radio spectrum imply equipartition magnetic fields between 50-200 μG. Theoretically, it has been challenging to understand the nature of these filaments that resemble extragalactic → radio jets but are not accompanied with any obvious source of acceleration of charged particles to high energy → relativistic energies. Although a number of detailed models have been considered, there is no consensus as to the origin of the
NTFs. These models suggest that molecular and ionized gas clouds, mass-losing stars, → Galactic winds, magnetic activity of the → supermassive black hole at the Galactic center, and → lepton production due to → dark matter annihilation play a role in the processes that lead to the production of the NTFs (Linden et al. 2011, ApJ 741,95, and references therein). In most models, the magnetic field is strong and its global geometry in the central region of the Galaxy is considered to be → poloidal and static. However, some recent models have argued that the magnetic field is local and dynamic.

See also: → non-thermal; → filament.

The electromagnetic radiation whose characteristics do not depend on the temperature of the emitting source. In contrast to → thermal radiation, it has a different spectrum from that of → blackbody radiation. The three common types of non-thermal radiation in astronomy are: → synchrotron radiation, → bremsstrahlung radiation, and → maser  → stimulated emission.

See also: → non-thermal; → radiation.

The electromagnetic radiation whose characteristics do not depend on the temperature of the emitting source. In contrast to → thermal radiation, it has a different spectrum from that of → blackbody radiation. The three common types of non-thermal radiation in astronomy are: → synchrotron radiation, → bremsstrahlung radiation, and → maser  → stimulated emission.

See also: → non-thermal; → radiation.

A radio emission with a negative → spectral index. In this type of emission the intensity of the emitted radiation increases with wavelength.

See also: → non-thermal; → spectrum.

A radio emission with a negative → spectral index. In this type of emission the intensity of the emitted radiation increases with wavelength.

See also: → non-thermal; → spectrum.

Not equal to zero.

See also: → non-; → zero.

Not equal to zero.

See also: → non-; → zero.

A → polynomial that at least has one non-zero → coefficient. See also → zero polynomial.

See also: → non-zero; → polynomial.

A → polynomial that at least has one non-zero → coefficient. See also → zero polynomial.

See also: → non-zero; → polynomial.

The absorption of a photon and its re-emission at a different frequency (in the observer’s frame of reference) by scattering atoms.

See also: → non-; → coherent scattering.

The absorption of a photon and its re-emission at a different frequency (in the observer’s frame of reference) by scattering atoms.

See also: → non-; → coherent scattering.

A plasma in which the → mean free path of the charged particles between two collisions is much larger than the size of the system containing the plasma.

See also: → non-; → collisional; → plasma.

A plasma in which the → mean free path of the charged particles between two collisions is much larger than the size of the system containing the plasma.

See also: → non-; → collisional; → plasma.

An equation that is independent of the units of measurement as it only
involves nondimensional numbers, parameters, and variables.

See also: → non-; → dimensional; → equation.

An equation that is independent of the units of measurement as it only
involves nondimensional numbers, parameters, and variables.

See also: → non-; → dimensional; → equation.

Describing something that is partially or totally occupied.

See also: → non; → empty.

Describing something that is partially or totally occupied.

See also: → non; → empty.

A set containing at least → one → element.

See also: → nonempty; → set.

A set containing at least → one → element.

See also: → nonempty; → set.

Math.: The fact that no → solution exists for a given → problem. In mathematics, nonexistence usually is a matter of impossibility.

See also: → non-; → existence.

Math.: The fact that no → solution exists for a given → problem. In mathematics, nonexistence usually is a matter of impossibility.

See also: → non-; → existence.

Not → fuzzy. → nonfuzzy set.

See also: → non-; → fuzzy.

Not → fuzzy. → nonfuzzy set.

See also: → non-; → fuzzy.

A set that obeys the rules of → classical logic, a → crisp set, as contrasted with a → fuzzy set.

See also: → nonfuzzy; → set.

A set that obeys the rules of → classical logic, a → crisp set, as contrasted with a → fuzzy set.

See also: → nonfuzzy; → set.

A mechanical system with constraints on their velocity that are not derivable from position constraints. Nonholonomic systems arise, for instance, in mechanical systems that have rolling contact (for example, the rolling of wheels without slipping) or certain kinds of sliding contact (such as the sliding of skates). They are a remarkable generalization of classical Lagrangian and Hamiltonian systems in which one allows position constraints only.

See also: → non-; → holonomic; → system.

A mechanical system with constraints on their velocity that are not derivable from position constraints. Nonholonomic systems arise, for instance, in mechanical systems that have rolling contact (for example, the rolling of wheels without slipping) or certain kinds of sliding contact (such as the sliding of skates). They are a remarkable generalization of classical Lagrangian and Hamiltonian systems in which one allows position constraints only.

See also: → non-; → holonomic; → system.

Not homogeneous. → nonhomogeneous linear differential equation.

See also: → non-; → homogeneous.

Not homogeneous. → nonhomogeneous linear differential equation.

See also: → non-; → homogeneous.

A → linear differential equation if Q(x)≠ 0 on interval I.

See also: → nonhomogeneous; → linear; → differential; → equation.

A → linear differential equation if Q(x)≠ 0 on interval I.

See also: → nonhomogeneous; → linear; → differential; → equation.

The quality of an atom that has neither lost nor gained any electrons.

See also: → non-; → ionized.

The quality of an atom that has neither lost nor gained any electrons.

See also: → non-; → ionized.

Not a linear function of the relevant variables.
Containing a variable with an exponent other than one; opposite of → linear.

See also: → non-; → linear.

Not a linear function of the relevant variables.
Containing a variable with an exponent other than one; opposite of → linear.

See also: → non-; → linear.

An electronic device whose output is not directly proportional to its input. For example, in a → diode the current is a nonlinear function of the voltage; its voltage-current characteristics do not obey → Ohm’s law.

See also: → nonlinear; → device.

An electronic device whose output is not directly proportional to its input. For example, in a → diode the current is a nonlinear function of the voltage; its voltage-current characteristics do not obey → Ohm’s law.

See also: → nonlinear; → device.

Same as → chaos.

See also: → nonlinear; → dynamics.

Same as → chaos.

See also: → nonlinear; → dynamics.

The instability of a physical or mathematical system that arises from the nonlinear nature of relevant variables and their interactions within the system.

See also: → nonlinear; → instability.

The instability of a physical or mathematical system that arises from the nonlinear nature of relevant variables and their interactions within the system.

See also: → nonlinear; → instability.

A system in which small changes can result in large effects, and large changes in small effects.

See also: → nonlinear; → system.

A system in which small changes can result in large effects, and large changes in small effects.

See also: → nonlinear; → system.

The property, condition, or state of being → nonlinear.

See also: → non-; → linearity.

The property, condition, or state of being → nonlinear.

See also: → non-; → linearity.

A star that is never seen above the horizon from a given position. These stars are located between the celestial pole and a diurnal circle with an angular distance larger than the altitude of the pole.

Etymology (EN): Nonrising, from → non- + rising adj. of → rise; → star.

Etymology (PE): Setâré, → star; hamiše penhân, literally “always hidden,” coined by Biruni (A.D. 973-1050) in his at-Tafhim, from hamišé “always” (Mid.Pers. hamêšag “always”) + penhân “hidden.”

A star that is never seen above the horizon from a given position. These stars are located between the celestial pole and a diurnal circle with an angular distance larger than the altitude of the pole.

Etymology (EN): Nonrising, from → non- + rising adj. of → rise; → star.

Etymology (PE): Setâré, → star; hamiše penhân, literally “always hidden,” coined by Biruni (A.D. 973-1050) in his at-Tafhim, from hamišé “always” (Mid.Pers. hamêšag “always”) + penhân “hidden.”

Word or language having no meaning. → absurd.

Etymology (EN): → non- + → sense.

Etymology (PE): Jafang “nonsense, futile.”

Word or language having no meaning. → absurd.

Etymology (EN): → non- + → sense.

Etymology (PE): Jafang “nonsense, futile.”

A star that is always seen above the horizon from a given position. These stars are located between the celestial pole and a diurnal circle with an angular distance smaller than the altitude of the pole. Same as → circumpolar star.

Etymology (EN): Nonsetting, from → non- + setting adj. of → set; → star.

Etymology (PE): Setâré, → star; hamiše peydâ literally “always visible,” coined by Biruni (A.D. 973-1050) in his at-Tafhim, from hamišé “always,” → perpetual,

• peydâ, → visible.

A star that is always seen above the horizon from a given position. These stars are located between the celestial pole and a diurnal circle with an angular distance smaller than the altitude of the pole. Same as → circumpolar star.

Etymology (EN): Nonsetting, from → non- + setting adj. of → set; → star.

Etymology (PE): Setâré, → star; hamiše peydâ literally “always visible,” coined by Biruni (A.D. 973-1050) in his at-Tafhim, from hamišé “always,” → perpetual,

• peydâ, → visible.

A → square matrix that is not a → singular matrix.

See also: → non-; → singular; → matrix.

A → square matrix that is not a → singular matrix.

See also: → non-; → singular; → matrix.

See also → non-thermal.

See also: → non-; → thermal.

See also → non-thermal.

See also: → non-; → thermal.

Same as → suprathermal escape.

See also: → non-; → thermal; → escape.

Same as → suprathermal escape.

See also: → non-; → thermal; → escape.

Fluid mechanics: Having no → viscosity. Same as → inviscid.

See also: From → non- + → viscous.

Fluid mechanics: Having no → viscosity. Same as → inviscid.

See also: From → non- + → viscous.

The time of day when the Sun crosses the observer’s meridian and is at its highest point above the horizon. At this point, the Sun lies due south of an observer in the northern hemisphere and due north of an observer in the southern hemisphere.

Etymology (EN): M.E. none; O.E. non, from L. nona hora “ninth hour” of daylight by Roman reckoning, about 3 p.m.

Etymology (PE): Nimruz, from nim “mid-, half” (Mid.Pers. nêm, nêmag “half;” Av. naēma- “half;” cf. Sk. néma- “half”) + ruz→ day.

The time of day when the Sun crosses the observer’s meridian and is at its highest point above the horizon. At this point, the Sun lies due south of an observer in the northern hemisphere and due north of an observer in the southern hemisphere.

Etymology (EN): M.E. none; O.E. non, from L. nona hora “ninth hour” of daylight by Roman reckoning, about 3 p.m.

Etymology (PE): Nimruz, from nim “mid-, half” (Mid.Pers. nêm, nêmag “half;” Av. naēma- “half;” cf. Sk. néma- “half”) + ruz→ day.

General: A standard, model, or pattern regarded as typical.
Math.:

1. The magnitude of a vector expressed as the square root of the sum of the squares of the absolute values of the components of the vector.
   
2. The value that has the highest frequency within a statistical range.

Etymology (EN): From Fr. norme, from O.Fr., from L. norma “carpenter’s square, rule, pattern,” of unknown origin.

Etymology (PE): Hanjâr “a straight road; way, rule, law; habit, custom; conduct; a mason’s rule, a plumb-line, a level;” Mid.Pers. hanjâr “right, correct;” from Proto-Iranian *ham-cara-, *han-cara- prefixed *cara- “to move, walk” (cf. Av. car- “to move, go, walk,” carāni “I would go,” carāt “he would go;” Mod.Pers. caridan “to graze,” gozârdan “to explain,” gozâreš “explanation”); cf. Skt. samcara- “passage, way, road, path; going about, moving,” from prefix sam- + cara- “moving, going, walking;” Gk. pelomai “to move;” L. colere “to till, cultivate, inhabit.”

General: A standard, model, or pattern regarded as typical.
Math.:

1. The magnitude of a vector expressed as the square root of the sum of the squares of the absolute values of the components of the vector.
   
2. The value that has the highest frequency within a statistical range.

Etymology (EN): From Fr. norme, from O.Fr., from L. norma “carpenter’s square, rule, pattern,” of unknown origin.

Etymology (PE): Hanjâr “a straight road; way, rule, law; habit, custom; conduct; a mason’s rule, a plumb-line, a level;” Mid.Pers. hanjâr “right, correct;” from Proto-Iranian *ham-cara-, *han-cara- prefixed *cara- “to move, walk” (cf. Av. car- “to move, go, walk,” carāni “I would go,” carāt “he would go;” Mod.Pers. caridan “to graze,” gozârdan “to explain,” gozâreš “explanation”); cf. Skt. samcara- “passage, way, road, path; going about, moving,” from prefix sam- + cara- “moving, going, walking;” Gk. pelomai “to move;” L. colere “to till, cultivate, inhabit.”

The Carpenter’s Square. A small and inconspicuous southern constellation which lies between → Scorpius and → Centaurus. Its brightest star is only of magnitude 4.0. Abbreviation: Nor; genitive: Normae

Etymology (EN): Initially Norma et Regula, L. translation of l’Équerre et la Règle “the Set Square and the Ruler,” as named by Abbé Nicolas Louis de Lacaille (1713-1762).

Etymology (PE): Guniyâ “carpenter’s square,” probably related to konj “angle, corner, confined place” (variants xong “corner, angle,” Tabari kânj, Kurd. kunj, Hamadâni kom) and zânu “knee” (Av. žnu-),
Skt. kona- “angle, corner,” Gk. gonia “angle,”, gony “knee,” L. genu “knee,” cuneus “a wedge,” Albanian (Gheg dialect) kân “angle, corner,” Albanian (Toks) kënd “angle, corner;” PIE base PIE base *g(e)neu-.

The Carpenter’s Square. A small and inconspicuous southern constellation which lies between → Scorpius and → Centaurus. Its brightest star is only of magnitude 4.0. Abbreviation: Nor; genitive: Normae

Etymology (EN): Initially Norma et Regula, L. translation of l’Équerre et la Règle “the Set Square and the Ruler,” as named by Abbé Nicolas Louis de Lacaille (1713-1762).

Etymology (PE): Guniyâ “carpenter’s square,” probably related to konj “angle, corner, confined place” (variants xong “corner, angle,” Tabari kânj, Kurd. kunj, Hamadâni kom) and zânu “knee” (Av. žnu-),
Skt. kona- “angle, corner,” Gk. gonia “angle,”, gony “knee,” L. genu “knee,” cuneus “a wedge,” Albanian (Gheg dialect) kân “angle, corner,” Albanian (Toks) kënd “angle, corner;” PIE base PIE base *g(e)neu-.

1. Conforming to the usual standard, type, custom; not abnormal; regular; natural.
   2a) Math.: A perpendicular, particularly a line perpendicular to the tangent of a curve or curved surface at the point of contact of the tangent with the curve or the curved surface. See also → perpendicular; → vertical.
   2b) Optics: A line drawn perpendicular to the surface of a reflecting or refracting medium.

Etymology (EN): From L.L. normalis “standing at right angle, in conformity with rule,” from L. normalis “made according to a carpenter’s square,” from norma “rule, pattern,” literally “carpenter’s square.”

Etymology (PE): Hanjârvar, hanjârmand, adjectives of hanjâr, → norm.

1. Conforming to the usual standard, type, custom; not abnormal; regular; natural.
   2a) Math.: A perpendicular, particularly a line perpendicular to the tangent of a curve or curved surface at the point of contact of the tangent with the curve or the curved surface. See also → perpendicular; → vertical.
   2b) Optics: A line drawn perpendicular to the surface of a reflecting or refracting medium.

Etymology (EN): From L.L. normalis “standing at right angle, in conformity with rule,” from L. normalis “made according to a carpenter’s square,” from norma “rule, pattern,” literally “carpenter’s square.”

Etymology (PE): Hanjârvar, hanjârmand, adjectives of hanjâr, → norm.

The dispersion in which a shorter wavelength is associated with a higher → refractive index. Contrasted with the → anomalous dispersion.

See also: → normal; → dispersion.

The dispersion in which a shorter wavelength is associated with a higher → refractive index. Contrasted with the → anomalous dispersion.

See also: → normal; → dispersion.

A theoretical frequency distribution for a set of variable data, usually represented by a bell-shaped curve with a mean at the center of the curve and tail widths proportional to the standard deviation of the data about the mean. Same as → Gaussian distribution.

See also: → normal; → distribution.

A theoretical frequency distribution for a set of variable data, usually represented by a bell-shaped curve with a mean at the center of the curve and tail widths proportional to the standard deviation of the data about the mean. Same as → Gaussian distribution.

See also: → normal; → distribution.

Of an atom, the same as → ground state.

See also: → normal; → state.

Of an atom, the same as → ground state.

See also: → normal; → state.

General: The fact or condition of being normal.
Chemistry: Measure of the number of gram-equivalent weights of a compound per liter of solution.

See also: From → normal + → -ity.

General: The fact or condition of being normal.
Chemistry: Measure of the number of gram-equivalent weights of a compound per liter of solution.

See also: From → normal + → -ity.

1. A mathematical technique for adjusting a series of values (typically representing a set of measurements) according to some transformation function in order to make them comparable with some specific point of reference.
   
2. Process of introducing a numerical factor into an equation so that the area under the corresponding graph (if finite) shall be made equal to unity.
   
3. To change in scale so that the sum of squares or the integral of squares of the transformed quantity is zero.

See also: Verbal noun of → normalize.

1. A mathematical technique for adjusting a series of values (typically representing a set of measurements) according to some transformation function in order to make them comparable with some specific point of reference.
   
2. Process of introducing a numerical factor into an equation so that the area under the corresponding graph (if finite) shall be made equal to unity.
   
3. To change in scale so that the sum of squares or the integral of squares of the transformed quantity is zero.

See also: Verbal noun of → normalize.

To change in scale so that the sum of squares, or the integral of the square, of the transformed quantity is unity.

See also: → normal + → -ize.

To change in scale so that the sum of squares, or the integral of the square, of the transformed quantity is unity.

See also: → normal + → -ize.

The quality of something that has undergone → normalization.

See also: P.p. of → normalize.

The quality of something that has undergone → normalization.

See also: P.p. of → normalize.

A dimensionless parameter expressed by h(z) = H(z)/H₀, where H(z) is the → Hubble parameter at → redshift z and H₀ is the → Hubble constant.

See also: → normalized; → Hubble; → parameter.

A dimensionless parameter expressed by h(z) = H(z)/H₀, where H(z) is the → Hubble parameter at → redshift z and H₀ is the → Hubble constant.

See also: → normalized; → Hubble; → parameter.

The → cardinal point at which the → meridian cuts the → horizon below the → north celestial pole.

Etymology (EN): M.E., O.E. norð, from P.Gmc. *nurtha- (cf. O.N. norðr, M.Du. nort, Du. noord, Ger. nord), ultimately from PIE *ner- “left, below.”

Etymology (PE): Note: North is related to left since it is to the left when one faces the rising Sun. This occurs in, for example, the etymology of E. north, as above.
The same goes for Ar. shimal, which also means “left.”
Hudar, from hu(y), from Mid.Pers. hôy “left, left hand,” from Av. haoiia- “left” (cf. Skt. savyá- “left hand;” O.C.S. šuji; Rus. šuj; Welsh aswy; PIE *seujos)

• -dar, from -tar direction suffix, as in Mid.Pers. ošastar “east” (Av. ušastara- “easthern”), dôšastar “west” (Av. daôšatara-, daôšastara- “western”), abâxtar “north” (Av. apāxtara- “northern”), Mod.Pers. bâxtar, → west.

The → cardinal point at which the → meridian cuts the → horizon below the → north celestial pole.

Etymology (EN): M.E., O.E. norð, from P.Gmc. *nurtha- (cf. O.N. norðr, M.Du. nort, Du. noord, Ger. nord), ultimately from PIE *ner- “left, below.”

Etymology (PE): Note: North is related to left since it is to the left when one faces the rising Sun. This occurs in, for example, the etymology of E. north, as above.
The same goes for Ar. shimal, which also means “left.”
Hudar, from hu(y), from Mid.Pers. hôy “left, left hand,” from Av. haoiia- “left” (cf. Skt. savyá- “left hand;” O.C.S. šuji; Rus. šuj; Welsh aswy; PIE *seujos)

• -dar, from -tar direction suffix, as in Mid.Pers. ošastar “east” (Av. ušastara- “easthern”), dôšastar “west” (Av. daôšatara-, daôšastara- “western”), abâxtar “north” (Av. apāxtara- “northern”), Mod.Pers. bâxtar, → west.

An → H II region in → Cygnus, also known as NGC 7000, resembling the continent North America in long exposure images. This nebula is lying three degrees from bright star → Deneb and spans on the sky over four times the angular size of the full Moon.
A dark lane separates the North America Nebula from the → Pelican Nebula, actually part of the same enormous cloud some 2,000 → light-years away.

See also: It was first photographed in 1890 by Max Wolf (1863-1932), a German astronomer, who also first called it the North America Nebula because of its resemblance to the Earth’s continent. America, from the feminine of Americus, the Latinized first name of the explorer Amerigo Vespucci (1454-1512), who made two trips to the New World as a navigator and claimed to have discovered it. The name America first appeared on a map in 1507 by the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller, referring to the area now called Brazil; → nebula.

An → H II region in → Cygnus, also known as NGC 7000, resembling the continent North America in long exposure images. This nebula is lying three degrees from bright star → Deneb and spans on the sky over four times the angular size of the full Moon.
A dark lane separates the North America Nebula from the → Pelican Nebula, actually part of the same enormous cloud some 2,000 → light-years away.

See also: It was first photographed in 1890 by Max Wolf (1863-1932), a German astronomer, who also first called it the North America Nebula because of its resemblance to the Earth’s continent. America, from the feminine of Americus, the Latinized first name of the explorer Amerigo Vespucci (1454-1512), who made two trips to the New World as a navigator and claimed to have discovered it. The name America first appeared on a map in 1507 by the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller, referring to the area now called Brazil; → nebula.

The point in the → northern hemisphere where the → rotation axis of Earth touches the → celestial sphere. The star → Polaris, also called the Pole Star, is located very near this point, at an angular separation of 42 degrees (about 1.4 lunar diameters).

See also: → north; → celestial; → pole.

The point in the → northern hemisphere where the → rotation axis of Earth touches the → celestial sphere. The star → Polaris, also called the Pole Star, is located very near this point, at an angular separation of 42 degrees (about 1.4 lunar diameters).

See also: → north; → celestial; → pole.

The point on → horizon in direction of → geographic north pole.

See also: → north; → point.

The point on → horizon in direction of → geographic north pole.

See also: → north; → point.

A large area of the north polar region of Mars which is covered with alternating layers of water ice and dust.

→ South Polar Layered Deposits.

See also: → north; → polar; → layer; → deposit.

A large area of the north polar region of Mars which is covered with alternating layers of water ice and dust.

→ South Polar Layered Deposits.

See also: → north; → polar; → layer; → deposit.

One of the largest coherent structures in the radio sky, projecting from the → Galactic plane at → Galactic longitudel ~ 20° and extending to a very high → Galactic latitudeb ~ +80°. It was first identified in low frequency → radio surveys in the 1950s. The spur is also prominent in → soft X-rays. Its origins and nature have long been debated. However, what causes this phenomena is not well understood. It may be due to a combination of → OB associations and → supernova explosions.

See also: → north; → polar; → spur.

One of the largest coherent structures in the radio sky, projecting from the → Galactic plane at → Galactic longitudel ~ 20° and extending to a very high → Galactic latitudeb ~ +80°. It was first identified in low frequency → radio surveys in the 1950s. The spur is also prominent in → soft X-rays. Its origins and nature have long been debated. However, what causes this phenomena is not well understood. It may be due to a combination of → OB associations and → supernova explosions.

See also: → north; → polar; → spur.

1. An → imaginary → point in the → northern hemisphere representing the intersection of the → Earth’s → rotation axis with the → globe or with the → celestial sphere.
   

2. For a → magnet, the pole which points toward the geographic north.
   

3. In a → magnetic field, the point from where a → line of force is leaves for the → south pole.

See also: → north; → pole.

1. An → imaginary → point in the → northern hemisphere representing the intersection of the → Earth’s → rotation axis with the → globe or with the → celestial sphere.
   

2. For a → magnet, the pole which points toward the geographic north.
   

3. In a → magnetic field, the point from where a → line of force is leaves for the → south pole.

See also: → north; → pole.

A star that lies on the → rotation axis of the Earth in the north hemisphere. The → Pole Star is not, in the long term, permanently fixed to the → celestial pole. This is because of the Earth’s → axial precession which gradually moves the celestial poles in the sky. It takes about 26,000 years for the precession to turn the pole a full circuit. Currently the North Pole Star is → Polaris, which will continue to mark the north celestial pole for several more centuries. But, around 4,000 B.C. → Gamma Cephei will become the North Pole Star.

Around 7,500 B.C., → Alderamin will take up the role. And it will be the brilliant → Vega’s (Alpha Lyrae) turn in about 12,000 years.

In the past, about 3,000 B.C., → Thuban (Alpha Draconis) was the North Pole Star. Then → Kokab (Beta Ursae Majoris) became the Pole Star from 1500 B.C. to 500 A.D. before leaving the task to Polaris.

See also: → north; → pole; → star.

A star that lies on the → rotation axis of the Earth in the north hemisphere. The → Pole Star is not, in the long term, permanently fixed to the → celestial pole. This is because of the Earth’s → axial precession which gradually moves the celestial poles in the sky. It takes about 26,000 years for the precession to turn the pole a full circuit. Currently the North Pole Star is → Polaris, which will continue to mark the north celestial pole for several more centuries. But, around 4,000 B.C. → Gamma Cephei will become the North Pole Star.

Around 7,500 B.C., → Alderamin will take up the role. And it will be the brilliant → Vega’s (Alpha Lyrae) turn in about 12,000 years.

In the past, about 3,000 B.C., → Thuban (Alpha Draconis) was the North Pole Star. Then → Kokab (Beta Ursae Majoris) became the Pole Star from 1500 B.C. to 500 A.D. before leaving the task to Polaris.

See also: → north; → pole; → star.

→ North Pole Star; → Polaris.

See also: → north; → star.

→ North Pole Star; → Polaris.

See also: → north; → star.

1. Lying toward or situated in the → north.
   

2. North of the → celestial equator or of the → zodiac.

Etymology (EN): M.E., from O.E. norþerna, norðerne “northern,” from norð “northern” +

• -erne, suffix denoting direction

Etymology (PE): Hudari, relating to hudar, → north.

1. Lying toward or situated in the → north.
   

2. North of the → celestial equator or of the → zodiac.

Etymology (EN): M.E., from O.E. norþerna, norðerne “northern,” from norð “northern” +

• -erne, suffix denoting direction

Etymology (PE): Hudari, relating to hudar, → north.

An arrangement of stars in the form of a cross in the constellation → Cygnus.

See also: → north; → cross.

An arrangement of stars in the form of a cross in the constellation → Cygnus.

See also: → north; → cross.

The half of the → Earth or another → astronomical object between the → north pole and the → equator.

See also: → northern; → hemisphere.

The half of the → Earth or another → astronomical object between the → north pole and the → equator.

See also: → northern; → hemisphere.

1. The part projecting above the mouth serving as the organ of breathing and smelling.
   

2. Something like a nose in shape or position, especially the front end of an → aircraft. See also → nozzle.

Etymology (EN): M.E.; O.E. nosu (O.N. nös; Du. neus; O.H.G. nasa; Ger. Nase); PIE root *nas- “nose;” cf. Skt. nasa-; Av. nāh-; O.Pers. nāham; L. nasus;
O.C.S. nasu; Lith. nosis. See also → nostril.

Etymology (PE): 1) Damâq, ultimately from Proto-Ir. *damaka-, from *damH- “to breathe, to blow;” cf. Pers. dam-, damidan “to breathe, to blow;” Av. dāδmainya- “blowing up;” cf.
Skt. dahm- “to blow,” dhámati “blows;” Gk. themeros “austere, dark-looking;” Lith. dumti “to blow;” PIE dhem-/dhemə- “to smoke, to blow.”
Bini “nose;” Mid.Pers. wênig “nose” (Av. vaēna- “nose”), related to wên “breath;” cognate with jân “vital spirit, soul,” → animate.

2. Damâqé, from damâq + nuance suffix -é.

1. The part projecting above the mouth serving as the organ of breathing and smelling.
   

2. Something like a nose in shape or position, especially the front end of an → aircraft. See also → nozzle.

Etymology (EN): M.E.; O.E. nosu (O.N. nös; Du. neus; O.H.G. nasa; Ger. Nase); PIE root *nas- “nose;” cf. Skt. nasa-; Av. nāh-; O.Pers. nāham; L. nasus;
O.C.S. nasu; Lith. nosis. See also → nostril.

Etymology (PE): 1) Damâq, ultimately from Proto-Ir. *damaka-, from *damH- “to breathe, to blow;” cf. Pers. dam-, damidan “to breathe, to blow;” Av. dāδmainya- “blowing up;” cf.
Skt. dahm- “to blow,” dhámati “blows;” Gk. themeros “austere, dark-looking;” Lith. dumti “to blow;” PIE dhem-/dhemə- “to smoke, to blow.”
Bini “nose;” Mid.Pers. wênig “nose” (Av. vaēna- “nose”), related to wên “breath;” cognate with jân “vital spirit, soul,” → animate.

2. Damâqé, from damâq + nuance suffix -é.

Either of the two external openings of the → nose; a naris.

Etymology (EN): M.E. nostrill, nosethirl, O.E. nosthyrl, literally “the hole of the nose,” from nosu “nose”+ thyrel “hole.”

Etymology (PE): Nâge, from (Fârs Province) Khuri nog, nug “nose,” variants Sabzevâri nos, Shushtari, Bovir Ahmadi, Lori neft “nose;” Mid.Pers. nâk “nose;” cf. Sogd. nêc “nose, nostril” (from *nāhika-) O.Pers. nāh-, Av. nāh- “nose;” cognate with E. → nose.

Either of the two external openings of the → nose; a naris.

Etymology (EN): M.E. nostrill, nosethirl, O.E. nosthyrl, literally “the hole of the nose,” from nosu “nose”+ thyrel “hole.”

Etymology (PE): Nâge, from (Fârs Province) Khuri nog, nug “nose,” variants Sabzevâri nos, Shushtari, Bovir Ahmadi, Lori neft “nose;” Mid.Pers. nâk “nose;” cf. Sogd. nêc “nose, nostril” (from *nāhika-) O.Pers. nāh-, Av. nāh- “nose;” cognate with E. → nose.

A → particle used to express → negation, → denial, refusal, or prohibition.

Etymology (EN): Not, variant of noht, naht “in no way,” from O.E. nawiht “nothing” (from na “no, never” + whit “whit”), akin to Pers. na, nâ, as below.

Etymology (PE): Na “no, not,” variants nâ, ni, ma- (prohibitive) “not;” from Mid.Pers. nê, ma “no, not;” O.Pers. naiy, nai “not;” Av. nôit, naē “not;” cf. Skt. ná “not;” cf. L. ne-, in-, un-; Gk. ni; Lith. nè; O.C.S. ne “not;” E. not, as above; PIE *ne-.

A → particle used to express → negation, → denial, refusal, or prohibition.

Etymology (EN): Not, variant of noht, naht “in no way,” from O.E. nawiht “nothing” (from na “no, never” + whit “whit”), akin to Pers. na, nâ, as below.

Etymology (PE): Na “no, not,” variants nâ, ni, ma- (prohibitive) “not;” from Mid.Pers. nê, ma “no, not;” O.Pers. naiy, nai “not;” Av. nôit, naē “not;” cf. Skt. ná “not;” cf. L. ne-, in-, un-; Gk. ni; Lith. nè; O.C.S. ne “not;” E. not, as above; PIE *ne-.

Representation of numbers, quantities, or other entities by symbols; a system of symbols for such a purpose.

Etymology (EN): From L. notationem (nom. notatio) “a marking, explanation,” from notatus, p.p. of notare “to note.”

Etymology (PE): Namâdgân, from namâd, → symbol, + -gân suffix denoting order, organization, multiplicity.

Representation of numbers, quantities, or other entities by symbols; a system of symbols for such a purpose.

Etymology (EN): From L. notationem (nom. notatio) “a marking, explanation,” from notatus, p.p. of notare “to note.”

Etymology (PE): Namâdgân, from namâd, → symbol, + -gân suffix denoting order, organization, multiplicity.

Musical sound of specified frequency (pitch) produced by a musical instrument, voice, etc.

Etymology (EN): From M.E., from O.F., from M.L. nota “sign for musical tone; mark, sign, lettering.”

Etymology (PE): Not, loanword from Fr.

Musical sound of specified frequency (pitch) produced by a musical instrument, voice, etc.

Etymology (EN): From M.E., from O.F., from M.L. nota “sign for musical tone; mark, sign, lettering.”

Etymology (PE): Not, loanword from Fr.

1. No thing; not anything; naught.
   

2. Nonexistence; nothingness.

Etymology (EN): M.E., from O.E. nathing, nathinc, from nan “not one,” → non-, + → thing.

Etymology (PE): Mid.Pers. hêc, hêc(i), hâca “any.”

1. No thing; not anything; naught.
   

2. Nonexistence; nothingness.

Etymology (EN): M.E., from O.E. nathing, nathinc, from nan “not one,” → non-, + → thing.

Etymology (PE): Mid.Pers. hêc, hêc(i), hâca “any.”

A general understanding; vague or imperfect conception or idea of something.

Etymology (EN): From L. notio “concept, conception, idea,” from noscere “to know,” → knowledge.

Etymology (PE): Pendâré, noun from pendâštan “to imagine, consider, think,” → imaginary number.

A general understanding; vague or imperfect conception or idea of something.

Etymology (EN): From L. notio “concept, conception, idea,” from noscere “to know,” → knowledge.

Etymology (PE): Pendâré, noun from pendâštan “to imagine, consider, think,” → imaginary number.

A word or group of words that refers to a person, place, or thing or any syntactically similar word (Collins).

Etymology (EN): M.E. nowne; O.Fr. nom, non, from Latin nomen “name, noun,” → name.

Etymology (PE): Nâmvâz “noun,” from nâm, → name, + vâz “word,” variants vâ&#382, âvâz, vâj, vât, vâ, → voice.

A word or group of words that refers to a person, place, or thing or any syntactically similar word (Collins).

Etymology (EN): M.E. nowne; O.Fr. nom, non, from Latin nomen “name, noun,” → name.

Etymology (PE): Nâmvâz “noun,” from nâm, → name, + vâz “word,” variants vâ&#382, âvâz, vâj, vât, vâ, → voice.

1. To sustain with food or nutriment; supply with what is necessary for life, health, and growth; feed.
   

2. To strengthen, build up, or promote (Dictionary.com).

Etymology (EN): M.E., from O.Fr. norriss-, stem of norrir “raise, bring up, nurture, foster; maintain, provide for,” from L. nutrire “to feed, nurse, foster, support, preserve,” from *nutri, older form of nutrix “nurse,”) literally “she who gives suck.”

Etymology (PE): Fâridan, from the Fârs province dialects Sivandi fâr- and Xori fôr- “to eat,” probably development of Proto-Ir. *hu- “to eat” (Av. x^var-, Pers. xordan, → feed) to f-, also Tajiki furt-, fə- “to gulp, swallow,” maybe from a separate root (Cheung 2007).

1. To sustain with food or nutriment; supply with what is necessary for life, health, and growth; feed.
   

2. To strengthen, build up, or promote (Dictionary.com).

Etymology (EN): M.E., from O.Fr. norriss-, stem of norrir “raise, bring up, nurture, foster; maintain, provide for,” from L. nutrire “to feed, nurse, foster, support, preserve,” from *nutri, older form of nutrix “nurse,”) literally “she who gives suck.”

Etymology (PE): Fâridan, from the Fârs province dialects Sivandi fâr- and Xori fôr- “to eat,” probably development of Proto-Ir. *hu- “to eat” (Av. x^var-, Pers. xordan, → feed) to f-, also Tajiki furt-, fə- “to gulp, swallow,” maybe from a separate root (Cheung 2007).

1. Something that nourishes; food, nutriment, or sustenance.
   

2. The act of nourishing. The state of being nourished (Dictionary.com).

Etymology (EN): M.E. norysshement, from M.Fr. norissement, → nourish, → -ment.

Etymology (PE): Fârmân, noun from fâridan (like sâzmân, sâxtemân, câymân, râžmân, and others).

1. Something that nourishes; food, nutriment, or sustenance.
   

2. The act of nourishing. The state of being nourished (Dictionary.com).

Etymology (EN): M.E. norysshement, from M.Fr. norissement, → nourish, → -ment.

Etymology (PE): Fârmân, noun from fâridan (like sâzmân, sâxtemân, câymân, râžmân, and others).

A star that experiences a sudden increase in → luminosity, by a s much as 10⁶. The → outburst ejects a shell of matter but does not disrupt the star.

Etymology (EN): Nova, from L. stella nova “new star,” from stella→ star + nova, fem. of novus→ new.

Etymology (PE): Novâ, from now, → new; now-axtar “new star,” from now, as above,

• axtar, → astro-.

A star that experiences a sudden increase in → luminosity, by a s much as 10⁶. The → outburst ejects a shell of matter but does not disrupt the star.

Etymology (EN): Nova, from L. stella nova “new star,” from stella→ star + nova, fem. of novus→ new.

Etymology (PE): Novâ, from now, → new; now-axtar “new star,” from now, as above,

• axtar, → astro-.

A fictitious prose narrative of considerable length and complexity, portraying characters and usually presenting a sequential organization of action and scenes (Dictionary.com).

Etymology (EN): From It. novella (storia) “new kind of story,” from L. novellus “new, young, recent,” → new.

Etymology (PE): Novâl, from now, → new, + -âl, → -al. Român, from Fr. roman, from V.L. *romanice “in the manner of Romans.”

A fictitious prose narrative of considerable length and complexity, portraying characters and usually presenting a sequential organization of action and scenes (Dictionary.com).

Etymology (EN): From It. novella (storia) “new kind of story,” from L. novellus “new, young, recent,” → new.

Etymology (PE): Novâl, from now, → new, + -âl, → -al. Român, from Fr. roman, from V.L. *romanice “in the manner of Romans.”

1. Tha end part of a → pipe, → hose, or → tube through which a → stream of → fluid is directed.
   

2. A part in a → rocket → engine that accelerates the exhaust gases from the combustion chamber to a high → velocity.

Etymology (EN): M.E. noselle, diminutive of → nose.

Etymology (PE): Kalap “the beak of a bird” (Biruni, at-Tafhim), may be from *galap-, ultimately from Proto-Ir. *ui-lap-; cf. Mid.Pers. lap “lip,” Mod.Pers. lab cognate with L. labium, E. lip.

1. Tha end part of a → pipe, → hose, or → tube through which a → stream of → fluid is directed.
   

2. A part in a → rocket → engine that accelerates the exhaust gases from the combustion chamber to a high → velocity.

Etymology (EN): M.E. noselle, diminutive of → nose.

Etymology (PE): Kalap “the beak of a bird” (Biruni, at-Tafhim), may be from *galap-, ultimately from Proto-Ir. *ui-lap-; cf. Mid.Pers. lap “lip,” Mod.Pers. lab cognate with L. labium, E. lip.

The portion of a nozzle with the smallest → cross section.

See also: → nozzle; → throat.

The portion of a nozzle with the smallest → cross section.

See also: → nozzle; → throat.