An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
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فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

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Number of Results: 28 Search : test
contest
  ۱) هابَرد؛ ۲) هابَردیدن   
1) hâbard; 2) hâbardidan

Fr.: combat, lutte; contester, disputer   

1a) A race, conflict, or other competition between rivals, as for a prize.
1b) Struggle for victory or superiority.
1c) Strife in argument; dispute; controversy.
2a) To struggle or fight for, as in battle.
2b) To argue against; dispute (Dictionary.com).

From Fr. contester "to dispute, oppose," from M.Fr., from L. contestari "to call to witness, bring action," from → com- "together" + testari "to bear witness," from testis "a witness."

Hâbard, from hâ-, variant ham- "together," → com-, + bard "to fight, to struggle," cf. nabard, nibard "fight, struggle, war," variants nâvard, âvard, ultimately from Proto-Ir. *part- "to fight, to struggle."

first derivative test
  آزمون ِ واخنه‌ی ِ نخست   
âzmun-e vâxane-ye naxost

Fr.: teste de la dérivée première   

In → calculus, a method for determining whether an → inflection point is a → local minimum, → local maximum, or neither.

first; → derivative; → test.

Fizeau test
  آزمون ِ فیزو   
âzmun-e Fizeau

Fr.: test de Fizeau   

The determination of the shape of an optical surface by means of → interferometry using a → fringe pattern formed with respect to a reference surface.

Named after the French physicist Armand Hippolyte Louis Fizeau (1819-1896), see also → toothed-wheel experiment; → test.

Foucault knife-edge test
  آزمون ِ کارد ِ فوکو   
âzmun-e kârd-e Foucault

Fr.: contrôle par foucaultage   

A method used to test the → image quality of → mirrors and → lenses. The test is performed by moving a knife edge laterally into the → image of a small → point source. The → eye, or a → camera, is placed immediately behind the knife edge, and the → exit pupil of the system is observed.

Named after the French physicist Léon Foucault (1819-1868), who invented the method; → knife; → edge; → test.

greatest eastern elongation
  بزرگترین درازش ِ خاوری   
bozorgtarin derâzeš-e xâvari

Fr.: plus grande élongation est   

The Greatest → elongation of an inferior planet occurring after sunset.

Superlative of → great; → eastern; → elongation.

greatest eclipse
  بزرگترین خورگرفت   
bozogtarin xorgereft

Fr.: la plus grande éclipse   

The instant when the axis of the Moon's → shadow cone passes closest to Earth's center. For → total eclipses, the instant of greatest eclipse is virtually identical to the instants of greatest magnitude and greatest duration. However, for → annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path (F. Espenak, NASA).

Superlative of → great; → eclipse.

greatest elongation
  بزرگترین درازش   
bozorgtarin derâzeš

Fr.: plus grande élongationt   

The largest → elongation of an inferior planet from the Sun. It may be → greatest eastern elongation or → greatest western elongation. The greatest elongation of Mercury is about 28°, and thus Mercury can only be observed 112 minutes after sunset or before sunrise. For Venus, it is about 47°, making it visible at most about 3 hours after sunset or before sunrise.

Superlative of → great; → eastern; → elongation.

greatest western elongation
  بزرگترین درازش ِ باختری   
bozorgtarin derâzeš-e bâxtari

Fr.: plus grande élongation ouest   

The Greatest → elongation of an inferior planet occurring before sunrise.

Superlative of → great; → western; → elongation.

Hartmann test
  آزمون ِ هارتمان   
âzmun-e Hârtman (#)

Fr.: test de Hartmann   

A way of testing the quality of optical systems. In this method, incident rays from a point source are isolated by small holes in an opaque screen located close to the lens or mirror under test. Photographic plates are inserted into the beam within and beyond the focal region. The black dots on the exposed plates, which reveal differences of optical focus in the various zones of the lens or mirror, are analyzed to yield the objective's figure. → Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor.

Named after the German astronomer Johannes Hartmann (1865-1936), who developed the method. → test.

knife-edge test
  آزمون ِ کارد   
âzmun-e kârd (#)

Fr.: contrôle par foucaultage   

The same as → Foucault knife-edge test.

knife; → edge; → test.

lithium test
  آزمون ِ لیتیوم   
âzmun-e litiom

Fr.: test du lithium   

The presence or not of the lithium absorption line at 6708 Å, which is considered to be a sufficient condition for → substellarity in → L dwarfs. It has been shown that any object with lithium absorption and → effective temperature less than 2670 K is a → brown dwarf. For a discussion of potential problems with the lithium test see Kirkpatrick et al. (1993, ApJ 406, 701).

lithium; → test.

mirror testing
  آزمون ِ آینه   
âzmun-e âyené (#)

Fr.: test d'un miroir   

The observation and measurement of the flatness of a mirror surface. The process generally is done before coating so as not to damage the delicate coated surface. For coated and curved surfaces, non-contact methods are often employed, generally using interference techniques.

mirror; → test.

protest
  ۱) پاخوس؛ ۲) پاخوسیدن   
1) pâxos; 2) pâxosidan

Fr.: 1) protestation; 2) protester   

1) An expression or declaration of objection, disapproval, or dissent, often in opposition to something a person is powerless to prevent or avoid.
2) To give manifest expression to objection or disapproval; remonstrate (Dictionary.com).

M.E., from O.Fr. protest, from preotester, and directly from L. protestari "to declare publicly, protest," from → pro- "forth, before" + testari "testify," from testis "witness."

Pâxos, literally "strike against," from pâ-, contraction of pâd- "agianst," → counter-, + xos "to strike," Gazi xos-, xus-, xûs- "to strike, throw;" Hamedani xostän, xus- "to throw", Khunsari xus- "to strike, throw," Kurd. (Sorani) xa-, (Kurmanji) xistin, xi- "to strike, beat," Qohrudi xosta "to throw," Ardestâni xoste, Shughni xust, xay-; Mid.Pers. xwas-, hws- "to trample;" Av. paiti xvanh- "to thresh;" Proto-Ir. *huah- "to strike, thresh" (Cheung 2007). ,

Protestant
  پاخوسان   
pâxosân

Fr.: protestant   

1a) (n.) An adherent of any of those Christian bodies that separated from the Church of Rome during the Reformation, or of any group descended from them.
1b) (originally) Any of the German princes who protested against the decision of the Diet of Speyer in 1529, which had denounced the Reformation.
1c) (lowercase) One who makes or enters a protests.
2a) (adj.) Belonging or pertaining to Protestants or their religion.
2b) (lowercase) protesting (Dictionary.com).

From Ger. or Fr. protestant, from L. protestantem (nominative protestans), p.p. of protestari, → protest.

Pâxosân agent noun or adj. from pâxosidan, → protest.

Protestantism
  پاخوسانگرایی، پاخوسان‌باوری   
pâxosângerâyi, pâxosânbâvari

Fr.: protestantisme   

The religion of → Protestants.

protestant; → -ism.

protestation
  پاخوسش   
pâxoseš

Fr.: protestation   

1) The act of protesting.
2) Formal expression or declaration of objection, dissent, or disapproval (Dictionary.com).

protest; → -tion.

protester
  پاخوسگر، پاخوسنده   
pâxosgar, pâxosandé

Fr.: protestataire   

A person who publicly demonstrates opposition to something. Also protestor.

protest; → -er.

second derivative test
  آزمون ِ واخنه‌ی ِ دوم   
âzmun-e vâxane-ye dovom

Fr.: test de la dérivée seconde   

A method, used in → calculus, for determining whether a given → stationary point of a → function is a → local minimum or → local maximum.

second; → derivative; → test.

significance testing
  آزمون ِ نشاناری   
âzmun-e nešanâri

Fr.: test de significativité   

Statistics: A procedure that is used to decide whether to accept or reject the → null hypothesis or to determine whether observed samples differ significantly from expected results. Also called → test of significance and → rule of decision.

significance; → test.

statistical hypothesis testing
  آزمون ِ انگاره‌ی ِ آماری   
âzmun-e engâre-ye âmâri

Fr.: test d'hypothèse statistique   

A method of making decision between rejecting or not rejecting a → null hypothesis on the basis of a set of observations.

statistical; → hypothesis; → test.

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