An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
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فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

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Number of Results: 20 Search : rule
Arnett's rule
  رزن ِ ارنت   
razan-e Arnett

Fr.: règle d'Arnett   

The → peak luminosity of a → Type Ia supernova is proportional to the rate of → radioactive decay and hence directly proportional to the mass of 56Ni.

Arnett, W. D. 1982, ApJ, 253, 785; → rule.

chondrule
  کوندرول   
kondrul

Fr.: chondrule   

Millimeter-sized grains of → silicate sometimes found in large numbers in → chondrite meteorites. They are essentially glassy beads made by a violent but brief heating event that caused dust grains to form melt droplets. However, the cause of the heating remains unknown.

From Gk. chondr-, from chondros "grain," + diminutive suffix → -ule.

commutation rules
  رزن‌های ِ آموتش   
razanhâ-ye âmuteš

Fr.: règles de commutation   

The specification of commutators of operators that in quantum physics correspond to the coordinates and momenta of a system.

commutation; → rule.

Fleming's rules
  رزن‌های ِ فلمینگ   
razanhâ-ye Fleming

Fr.: règles de Fleming   

Two rules used to assist in remembering the relative directions of the magnetic field, current, and motion in electrical machines, using one's fingers. The right hand refers to generators, the left hand to motors. The three directions are represented by the thumb (for force or motion), forefinger (for field), and second finger (for current), all held at right angles to each other.

Devised by the British physicist and electrical engineer John Ambrose Fleming (1849-1945).

fuzzy rule base
  پایگاه ِ رزن ِ پرزوار   
pâygâh-e razan-e porzvâr

Fr.:   

A rule base in a → fuzzy logic system constructed to control the → output variable. A fuzzy rule is a simple if-then rule with a condition and a conclusion.

fuzzy; → rule; → base.

Hund's rule
  رزن ِ هوند   
razan-e Hund

Fr.: règle de Hund   

An empirical rule stating that all orbitals of a given sublevel must be occupied by single electrons before pairing begins.

After the German physicist Friedrich Hund (1896-1997), known for his work on atoms and molecules. → rule.

leap year rule
  رزن ِ سال ِ اندرهلی   
razan-e sâl-e andarheli

Fr.: régle des années bissextiles   

The three criteria that identify → leap years in the → Gregorian calendar: 1) The year must be evenly divisible by 4; 2) If the year can be evenly divided by 100, it is not a leap year, unless; 3) The year is also evenly divisible by 400. This means that in the Gregorian calendar, the years 1600, 2000, and 2400 are leap years, while 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2200, 2300 and 2500 are not leap years.

leap; → year; → rule.

left-hand rule
  رزن ِ دست ِ چپ   
razan-e dast-e cap

Fr.: règle de la main gauche   

See → Fleming's rules.

left; → hand; → rule.

Maxwell's rule
  رزن ِ ماکسول   
razan-e Maxwell

Fr.: règle de Maxwell   

Every part of a deformable electric circuit tends to move in such a direction as to enclose the maximum magnetic flux.

maxwell; → rule.

right-hand rule
  رزن ِ دست ِ راست   
razan-e dast-e râst

Fr.: règle de la main droite   

See → Fleming's rules.

right; → hand; → rule.

right-hand screw rule
  رزن ِ پیچ ِ راست‌گرد   
razan-e pic-e rast-gard

Fr.: règle de la vis droite   

A rule that gives the direction of the resultant vector in a → vector product: A x B = C. It is the direction of advance of a right-hand screw whose axis, held perpendicular to the plane of A and B, is rotated in the same sense that rotates the first-named vector (A) into the second-named vector B through the smaller angle.

right; → hand; → screw; → rule.

rigorous selection rule
  رزن ِ گزینش ِ فرسخت   
razan-e gozineš-e farsaxt

Fr.: règle de sélection rigoureuse   

A → selection rule obeyed by → discrete transitions. Among them are: rigorous selection rules for → electric dipole transitions (→ permitted) requiring: 1) ΔJ must be 0 or ± 1 with J = 0 ↔ 0 forbidden. 2) ΔMJ = 0, ± 1. 3) → Parity change, i.e. even ↔ odd.

rigorous; → selection; → rule.

rule
  رزن   
razan

Fr.: règle   

1) A law or regulation that governs behaviors, actions, or operations. → Arnett's rule, → commutation rule, → Fleming's rule, → Hund's rule, → left-hand rule, → Maxwell's rule, → right-hand rule, → rigorous selection rule, → selection rule, and → Trouton's rule.
2) A strip of rigid material marked off in units used especially for measuring length.
3) In some → planispheric astrolabes, a bar which rotates across the front of the astrolabe and is used to locate positions on the → rete, and to relate them to the scale of hours marked on the → limb. Also called the → index.

M.E. riule, reule, from O.Fr. riule, from L. regula "straight stick, bar, ruler," related to regere "to rule, straighten, guide;" cognate with Pers. râst "right, straight," razan "rule," as below.

Razan from Av. razan "rule, order," from rāz- "to direct, put in line, set," rasman- "the lines or files of the army;" O.Pers. rāsta- "straight, true," rās- "to be right, straight, true;" Mid.Pers. râst "true, straight, direct;" Soghdian rəšt "right," rây-, râyênitan "to arrange;" Mod.Pers. râst "right, true; just, upright, straight;" raj "line, row," variants raž, rak, râk, rezg (Lori), radé, râdé "line, rule, row," rasté, râsté "row, a market with regular ranges of shops;" ris, risé "straight;" cf. Skt. raj- "to direct, stretch," rjuyant- "walking straight;" Gk. orektos "stretched out;" L. regere "to lead straight, guide, rule," p.p. rectus "right, straight;" PIE base *reg- "move in a straight line," hence, "to direct, rule."

rule of decision
  رزن ِ واسون   
razan-e vâsun

Fr.: régle de décision   

Same as → significance testing and → test of significance.

rule; → decision.

rule of three
  رزن ِ سه   
razan-e sé

Fr.: règle de trois   

Te method of finding the fourth term in a proportion when three terms are given.

rule; → three.

ruled grating
  توری ِ شیاردار   
turi-ye šiyârdâr

Fr.: réseau à traits   

A → diffraction grating with a series of grooves that have been ruled on a reflective surface with a diamond tool mounted on a ruling machine. Ruled gratings may have triangular or trapezoidal groove profiles, whereas → holographic gratings usually have sinusoidal groove profiles.

Ruled, → rule; → grating.

Turi, → grating; šiyârdâr "having grooves," from šiyâr, → groove, + -dâr "having, possessor," → property.

ruled surface
  رویه‌ی ِ خط‌ساخته   
ruye-ye xatt sâxté

Fr.: surface réglée   

A surface, such as a cylinder or cone, that can be generated by moving a straight line.

Ruled, p.p. of rule; → surface.

Ruyé, → surface; xatt sâxté "built, formed by a line," from xattline; sâxté, p.p. of sâxtan "to build, make, fashion; to adapt, adjust, be fit" (from Mid.Pers. sâxtan, sâz-, Manichean Parthian s'c'dn "to prepare, to form;" Av. sak- "to understand, to mark," sâcaya- (causative) "to teach").

selection rule
  رزن ِ گزینش   
razan-e gozineš

Fr.: règle de sélection   

Any of a set of rules specifying the relationships between the → quantum numbers that characterize the initial and final states of a quantum-mechanical system in a → discrete transition. Transitions that do not agree with the selection rules are called → forbidden and have considerably lower probability. There are several types of selection rules (→ rigorous selection rule, → LS coupling, etc.) for → electric dipole transition (→ permitted), → magnetic dipole (forbidden), electric → quadrupole (forbidden), etc.

Selection, verbal noun of → select; → rule.

spherule
  گویل   
guyel

Fr.: sphérule   

Any of many vitrified droplets of rock formed by the solidification of molten meteoritic material that flows off a meteorite during its passage through the Earth's atmosphere. Sizes range typically from 10 to 200 microns.

"Small sphere," from → sphere + diminutive suffix → -ule.

Guyel "small globe," from guy "ball, sphere" (variants golulé, gullé, goruk, gulu, gudé; cf. Skt. guda- "ball, mouthful, lump, tumour," Pali gula- "ball," Gk. gloutos "rump," L. glomus "ball," globus "globe," Ger. Kugel, E. clot; PIE *gel- "to make into a ball") + -el diminutive suffix, → -ule.

Trouton's rule
  رزن ِ تروتون   
razan-e Trouton

Fr.: règle de Trouton   

The ratio of the → molar heat of vaporization of any liquid to its → boiling point is a constant, about 88 joules per mole per Kelvin. The rule is equivalent to the statement that the → entropy of vaporization is constant. It is not always followed, especially by liquids such as water in which hydrogen bonding occurs between the molecules.

Named after Frederick Thomas Trouton (1863-1922), an Irish physicist; → rule.