An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
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فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

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Number of Results: 11 Search : virial
virial
  ویریال   
viriyâl

Fr.: viriel   

Of or pertaining to the interactive forces between components of a system, such as particles or molecules in a gas or stars in a cluster.
virial equation of state, → virial equilibrium, → virial mass, → virial parameter, → virial radius, → virial temperature, → virial theorem, → virialization.

From L. vires, plural of vis "strength," and by extension "force" or "energy," first used by Rudolf Clausius in the investigation of problems in molecular physics.

Viriyâl, loan from E., as above.

virial equation of state
  هموگش ِ حالت ِ ویریال   
hamugeš-e hâlat-e viriyal

Fr.: équation d'état du viriel   

In thermodynamics, a generalized → equation of state obtained when the → compression factor Z is expanded in terms of a power series, e.g.: Z = 1 + B(T) / Vm + C(T) / Vm2 + ...

virial; → equation of state.

virial equilibrium
  ترازمندی ِ ویریال   
tarâzmandi-ye viriyâl

Fr.: équilibre du viriel   

The condition of a physical system which obeys the → virial theorem.

virial; → equilibrium.

virial mass
  جرم ِ ویریال   
jerm-e viriyâl

Fr.: masse du viriel   

The mass of a cluster of stars or galaxies in statistical equilibrium derived by using the → virial theorem.

virial; → mass.

virial parameter
  پارامون ِ ویریال   
pârâmun-e viriyâl

Fr.: paramètre du viriel   

A dimensionless parameter that measures the ratio of thermal plus kinetic energies to gravitational energy of a physical system, such as a molecular cloud. The virial parameter is expressed as: αvir = 5σ2R / GM, where R and M are the radius and mass of the cloud respectively, σ is the one-dimensional → velocity dispersion inside the cloud, and G the → gravitational constant. It indicates whether a cloud could be bound or not. For molecular clouds that are confined by their surface pressure and for which self-gravity is unimportant, αvir is much larger than unity, whereas αvir is ~ 1 when the gravitational energy of a clump becomes comparable to its kinetic energy. See, e.g., Bertoldi & McKee, 1992 (ApJ 395, 140). See also → virial theorem.

virial; → parameter.

virial radius
  شعاع ویریال   
šo'â'-e viriyâl

Fr.: rayon du viriel   

The radius centered on a galaxy containing matter at 200 times the → critical density of the Universe.

virial; → radius.

virial temperature
  دمای ِ ویریال   
damâ-ye viriyâl

Fr.: température du viriel   

The mean temperature at which a gravitationally → bound system would satisfy the → virial theorem. For a system of mass M and radius R with constant density, the gravitational energy per unit mass is W = GM/R. The kinetic energy per unit mass is E = (3/2)kTvir, where k is → Boltzmann's constant and μ the mean molecular weight. According to the virial theorem, E = W/2, which leads to the virial temperature Tvir = (1/3)(GM/kR).

virial; → temperature.

virial theorem
  فربین ِ ویریال   
farbin-e viriyâl

Fr.: théorème du viriel   

A general equation applicable to a gravitationally → bound system of equal mass objects (stars, galaxies, etc.), which is stable against → dynamical disruption. It states that in such a system the average → gravitational potential energy (Wvir) is twice the average → kinetic energy (Kvir) of the system: Wvir = -2Kvir. This general proposition, first derived by Rudolf Clausius (1822-1888), has important applications in a variety of fields ranging from statistical mechanics to astrophysics. See also → virialization, → virial equilibrium, → virialized.

virial; → theorem.

virialization
  ویریالش   
viriayleš

Fr.: virialisation   

The process whereby a system of gravitationally interacting particles attains stability. The comparable mass components interact with each other, but the whole system does not expand or collapse. Virialization occurs when the → potential energy is twice the negative → kinetic energy: - Wvir = 2 Kvir (→ virial theorem). In the case of a → galaxy cluster, when the cluster is virialized the merging process and the collapse of matter have finished and the formation process of the galaxy cluster is considered to be done. A cluster has formed by → hierarchical clustering. Virialized clusters, in other words finished clusters, can be found by looking at their radius and density. A cluster is virialized when it satisfies the condition: Rvir ~ Rmax/2, where Rvir is the radius when the cluster is virialized and Rmax is the radius when the collapse starts. From this condition it follows that the object is 8 times denser at virialization than when the collapse started.

Verbal noun of → virialize.

virialize
  ویریالیدن   
viriyâlidan

Fr.: virialiser   

To undergo → virialization.

virial; → -ize.

virialized
  ویریالیده   
viriyâlidé

Fr.: virialisé   

That has undergone → virialization.

Past participle of → virialize.