An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
English-French-Persian

فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

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Number of Results: 83 Search : forma
image formation
  دیسش ِ وینه، ~ تصویر   
diseš-e vine, ~ tasvir

Fr.: formation de l'image   

The meeting of light rays emanating from an object after crossing an optical system.

image; → formation.

informant
  ازداینده   
azdâyandé

Fr.: informateur   

A person who gives → information.

From → inform + -ant a suffix forming adjectives and nouns from verbs.

informatics
  ازداییک   
azdâyik (#)

Fr.: informatique   

The science concerned with gathering, manipulating, storing, retrieving, and classifying recorded → information. Also called → information science, computer science.

Informatics, from informat(ion), → information + → ics.

information
  ازدایش   
azdâyeš (#)

Fr.: information   

1) Knowledge gained through study, communication, research, instruction, etc.
2) Knowledge communicated or received concerning a particular fact or circumstance; news.
3) The act or fact of informing.
4) A sequence of signals that conveys a message to a receiver. Information does not exist on its own. It is contained within something and is coded. The notion of information involves → uncertainty and → randomness; hence the necessity for calling on → probability theory and → statistics.
See also: → information content, → information entropy, → information flow, → information paradox, → information science, → information technology, → information theory, → infosphere, → quantum information, → entropy.

Verbal noun of → inform.

information content
  پربنه‌ی ِ ازدایش   
parbane-ye azdâyeš

Fr.: contenu d'information   

The → negative of the → logarithm of the → probability that a particular → message or → symbol will be emitted by a → source.

information; → content.

information entropy
  درگاشت ِ ازدایش   
dargâšt-e azdâyeš

Fr.: entropie de l'information   

The measure of information, which is usually expressed by the average number of bits needed for storage or communication. In other words, the degree to which the values of a → random variable X are dispersed. If the → probability density function of X is P(x), the entropy is defined by: H(X) = -Σ P(x) log P(x). Also called → Shannon entropy.

information; → entropy.

information flow
  تچان ِ ازدایش   
tacân-e azdâyeš

Fr.: flot d'information   

The flow of data into a system or to the end users.

information; → flow.

information paradox
  پارادخش ِ ازدایش   
pârâdaxš-e azdâyeš

Fr.: paradoxe de l'information   

A paradox raised in 1976 by S. Hawking (1942-2018) whose analysis of the thermodynamic properties of → black holes led him to the prediction that black holes are not in fact black, but radiate due to quantum effects. This implied that, due to the → Hawking radiation, a black hole would eventually evaporate away, leaving nothing. This deduction presented a problem for → quantum mechanics, which maintains that information can never be lost. This topic is a matter of intense debate. Many solutions have been proposed, but all of them have serious drawbacks. In order to analyze better these solutions one needs a quantum gravity theory, which does not exist at the moment. In brief, either the idea of → quantum unitarity must be given up, or a mechanism should be found by which information is not lost after it falls into a black hole.

information; → paradox.

information science
  دانش ِ ازدایش، ازداییک   
dâneš-e azdâyeš azdâyik (#)

Fr.: informatique   

Same as → informatics.

information; → science.

information technology
  تشنیک‌شناسی ِ ازدایش   
tašnik-šenâsi-ye azdâyeš

Fr.: technologie de l'informtion   

The science and activity of receiving, storing, processing, and transmitting information by using → computers.

information; → technology.

information theory
  نگره‌ی ِ ازدایش   
negare-ye azdâyeš (#)

Fr.: théorie de l'information   

The mathematical theory that defines, quantifies, and analyzes the concept of → information. It involves → probability theory in → transmission of → messages when the → bits of information are subject to various distortions. Its goal is to enable as much information as possible to be reliably stored on a medium, retrieved, or communicated.
See also:
information content, → information entropy, → information flow, → information paradox, → information science, → information theory, → quantum information, → entropy.

information; → theory.

informative
  ازدامند   
azdâmand

Fr.: informatif   

Giving → information, providing information, imparting → knowledge.

From informat-, from L. informatus, from → inform + → -ive.

isolated massive star formation
  دیسش ِ وایوتیده‌ی ِ ستاره‌ی ِ پرجرم   
diseš-e vâyutide-ye setâre-ye porjerm

Fr.: formation isolée d'étoile massive   

Massive star formation outside → OB associations. Recent observational findings suggest that → massive star formation is a collective process. In other words, massive stars form in → cluster environments and the mass of the most massive star in a cluster is correlated with the mass of the cluster itself. Nevertheless, other observational results give grounds for supposing that massive stars do not necessarily form in clusters but that they can be formed as isolated stars or in very small groups. According to statistical studies nearly 95% of Galactic → O star population is located in clusters or OB associations. This means that a small percentage, about 5%, of high mass stars may form in isolation. Isolation is meant not traceable to an origin in an OB association. This definition therefore excludes → runaway massive stars, which are thought to result from either dynamical interaction in massive dense clusters, or via a kick from a → supernova explosion in a → binary system. Alternatively, isolated massive star has been defined as follows: An O-type star belonging to a cluster whose total mass is < 100 Msun and moreover is devoid of → B stars (Selier et al. 2011, A&A 529, A40 and references therein).

isolated; → massive star; → formation.

Lagrangian formalism
  دیسه‌گرایی ِ لاگرانژ   
disegerâyi-ye Lâgranži

Fr.: formalisme lagrangien   

A reformulation of classical mechanics that describes the evolution of a physical system using → variational principle The formalism does not require the concept of force, which is replaced by the → Lagrangian function. The formalism makes the description of systems more simpler. Moreover, the passage from classical description to quantum description becomes natural. Same as → Lagrangian dynamics.

Lagrangian; → formalism.

Legendre transformation
  ترادیسش ِ لوژاندر   
tarâdiseš-e Legendre

Fr.: transformation de Legendre   

A mathematical operation that transforms one function into another. Two differentiable functions f and g are said to be Legendre transforms of each other if their first derivatives are inverse functions of each other: df(x)/dx = (dg(x)/dx)-1. The functions f and g are said to be related by a Legendre transformation.

Legendre equation; → transformation.

Lorentz transformation
  ترادیس ِ لورنتز   
tarâdis-e Lorentz

Fr.: transformation de Lorentz   

A set of linear equations that expresses the time and space coordinates of one → reference frame in terms of those of another one when one frame moves at a constant velocity with respect to the other. In general, the Lorentz transformation allows a change of the origin of a coordinate system, a rotation around the origin, a reversal of spatial or temporal direction, and a uniform movement along a spatial axis. If the system S'(x',y',z',t') moves at the velocity v with respect to S(x,y,z,t) in the positive direction of the x-axis, the Lorentz transformations will be: x' = γ(x - vt), y' = y, z' = z, t' = γ [t - (vx/c2)], where c is the → velocity of light and γ = [1 - (v/c)2]-1/2. For the special case of velocities much less than c, the Lorentz transformation reduces to → Galilean transformation.

Lorentz; → transformation.

lunar formation
  دیسش ِ مانگ   
diseš-e Mâng

Fr.: formation de la Lune   

See → Moon formation.

lunar; → formation.

Moon formation
  دیسش ِ مانگ   
diseš-e Mâng

Fr.: formation de la Lune   

Any of several theories about how the → Moon originated, among which: → fission theory, → capture theory, → co-formation theory, and → giant impact hypothesis. The model that is best supported by all the available data is the giant impact hypothesis. See also → canonical model.

lunar; → formation.

performance
  پرگال   
pergâl

Fr.: 1, 3) représentation, interprétation; 2) fonctionnement, performance; exécution   

1) The act of performing a ceremony, play, piece of music, etc.
2) The execution or accomplishment of work, acts, feats, etc.
3) A musical, dramatic, or other entertainment presented before an audience (Dictionary.com).

perform; → -ance.

performative
  ۱) پرگالی؛ ۲) واپش ِ پرگالنده   
1) pergâli; 2) vâpeš-e pergalandé

Fr.: 1) performatif; d'interprétation; 2) performativité   

1) Relating to or of → performance, especially of dramatic or artistic performance.
2) A → performative utterance.

perform; → -ive.

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