An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
English-French-Persian

فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

   Homepage   
   


A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

<< < Abe cor fol Lor Pen spo Wie > >>

Number of Results: 122 Search : ore
spore
  هاگ   
hâg (#)

Fr.: spore   

A reproductive body in flowerless plants corresponding to the seeds of flowering ones.

From Modern L. spora, from Gk. spora "a seed, a sowing, seed-time," related to speirein "to sow, scatter."

Hâg, variant of xâg, → egg.

Sporer minimum
  کمینه‌ی ِ اشپورر   
kamine-ye Spörer

Fr.: minimum de Spörer   

A period of low → solar activity that lasted from about A.D. 1420 to 1570. It occurred before → sunspots had been studied, and was discovered by analysis of the proportion of carbon-14 in tree rings, which is strongly correlated with solar activity.

Named for the German astronomer Gustav Spörer (1822-1895); → minimum.

Spörer minimum
  کمینه‌ی ِ اشپورر   
kamine-ye Spörer

Fr.: minimum de Spörer   

A period of low → solar activity that lasted from about A.D. 1420 to 1570. It occurred before → sunspots had been studied, and was discovered by analysis of the proportion of carbon-14 in tree rings, which is strongly correlated with solar activity.

Named for the German astronomer Gustav Spörer (1822-1895); → minimum.

Sporer's law
  قانون ِ اشپورر   
qânun-e Spörer

Fr.: loi de Spörer   

The empirical law that predicts the variation of → sunspot latitudes during a → solar cycle. At the start of a sunspot cycle, sunspots tend to appear around 30° to 45° latitude on the Sun's surface. As the cycle progresses, they appear at lower and lower latitudes, until 5° to 10°, at the end of the cycle. This tendency is revealed on a → butterfly diagram. Although named after Gustav Spörer, the "law" was first discovered by Richard Carrington.

Sporer minimum; → law.

Spörer's law
  قانون ِ اشپورر   
qânun-e Spörer

Fr.: loi de Spörer   

The empirical law that predicts the variation of → sunspot latitudes during a → solar cycle. At the start of a sunspot cycle, sunspots tend to appear around 30° to 45° latitude on the Sun's surface. As the cycle progresses, they appear at lower and lower latitudes, until 5° to 10°, at the end of the cycle. This tendency is revealed on a → butterfly diagram. Although named after Gustav Spörer, the "law" was first discovered by Richard Carrington.

Sporer minimum; → law.

Steiner's theorem
  فربین ِ اشتاینر   
farbin-e Steiner

Fr.: théorème de Steiner   

The → moment of inertia of a body about an arbitrary axis x' is equal to the sum of its moment of inertia about axis x, passing through the center of mass of the body and parallel to axis x', and the product of the mass M of the body by the square of the distance d between axes x and x': Ix' = Ix + Md2. Same as → parallel axis theorem.

Named after Jakop Steiner (1796-1863), a Swiss mathematician who derived this statement; → theorem.

Taylor-Proudman theorem
  فربین ِ تیلر-پراؤدمن   
farbin-e Taylor-Proudman

Fr.: théorème de Taylor-Proudman   

In a rapidly rotating fluid, the fluid velocity is constant along any line parallel to the axis of rotation.

Taylor number; Joseph Proudman (1888-1975), British mathematician and oceanographer.

theorem
  فربین   
farbin

Fr.: théorème   

A → proposition, → statement, or → formula in → mathematics or → logic deduced from → axioms, other propositions, → assumptions, → premises, or formulas. Theorems are statements which can be proved. For example, → Fourier theorem; → Liouville's theorem; → Woltjer's theorem.

From M.Fr. théorème, from L.L. theorema, from Gk. theorema "spectacle, speculation," in Euclid "proposition to be proved," from theorein "to look at, speculate, consider."

Farbin, from far- intensive prefix "much, abundant; elegantly; forward" (Mid.Pers. fra- "forward, before; much; around;" O.Pers. fra- "forward, forth;" Av. frā, fərā-, fra- "forward, forth; excessive;" cf. Skt. prá- "before; forward, in front;" Gk. pro "before, in front of;" L. pro "on behalf of, in place of, before, for;" PIE *pro-) + bin, present stem of didan "to see," from Mid.Pers. wyn-; O.Pers. vain- "to see;" Av. vaēn- "to see;" cf. Skt. veda "I know;" Gk. oida "I know," idein "to see;" L. videre "to see;" PIE base *weid- "to know, to see."

theoretical
  نگریک   
negarik (#)

Fr.: théorique   

Of, pertaining to, or consisting in theory.

From L.L. theoreticus "of or pertaining to theory," from Gk. theoretikos "contemplative, pertaining to theory;" → theory.

Negarik, contraction of negaréik, from negarétheory + -ik, → -ic.

theoretical astrophysics
  اخترفیزیک ِ نگریک   
axtarfizik-e negarik (#)

Fr.: astrophysique théorique   

An astrophysical study or research group mainly concerned with theory rather than observation.

theoretical; → astrophysics.

theoretician
  نگره‌پرداز   
negare-pardâz

Fr.: théoricien   

One who formulates or is expert in the theoretical side of a subject.

From theoretic, from theoretics, from → theory + -ian.

Negare-pardâz, from negaré, → theory, + pardâz, present stem of pardâxtan "to accomplish; bring to perfection; to attempt, to care; to clean; to free;" Mid.Pers. pardâxtan, pardâzidan "to accomplish; to be done with, freed of" ultimately from Proto-Iranian *para-tāxta-, *para-tāca- "to take away; to expel," from *para- "along, forth," → para-, + tāxta-, tāca- "to run, to flow;" cf. Av. tak- "to run, to flow;" Mod.Pers. tâxtan, tâz- "to flow, to cause to walk," → flow.

turbulent core model
  مدل ِ مغزه‌ی ِ آشوبناک   
model-e maqze-ye âšubnâk

Fr.: modèle de cœur turbulent   

A star formation scenario whereby → massive stars form from gravitationally bound → pre-stellar cores, which are supersonically → turbulent and in approximate pressure equilibrium with the surrounding protocluster medium. The high → accretion rates that characterize such media allow accretion to overcome the radiation pressure due to the luminosity of the star. The core is assumed to → collapse via an → accretion disk to form a single star or binary. The core density structure adopted is ρ ∝ r-k, with k = 1.5 set from observations. This choice affects the evolution of the accretion rate, which increases linearly with time. The high densities in regions of massive-star formation lead to typical time scales for the formation of a massive star of about 105 years (McKee & Tan 2003, ApJ 585, 850).

turbulent; → core.

uniqueness theorem
  فربین ِ یکتایی   
farbin-e yektâyi

Fr.: théorème d'unicité   

1) Physics: A → potential that satisfies both → Poisson's equation and the → boundary conditions pertinent to a particular field is the only possible potential.
2) Math.: If two → continuous functions φ(t) and ψ(t) have one and the same → Laplace transform F(p), then these functions are identically equal.
3) Astro.: A → black hole can only be characterized by its → mass, → electric charge, and → angular momentum. See also → no hair theorem.

uniqueness; → theorem.

Van Cittert-Zernike theorem
  فربین ِ فان سیترت-زرنیکه   
van farbin-e Cittert-Zernike

Fr.: théorème de Cittert-Zernike   

In → Young's experiment of → interference with double apertures, if a monochromatic source is a considerable distance from the → aperture plane and aperture separation is small, → fringe visibility from an extended source is proportional to the → Fourier transform of the source's spatial distribution. The transform variable is the angular separation of the aperture-plane sampling points divided by the wavelength. The van Cittert-Zernike Theorem is at the heart of → aperture synthesis.

Developed independently by Dutch physicists Pieter Hendrick van Cittert (1889-1959) in 1934 and Frits Zernike (1888-1966) in 1939; → theorem.

Varignon's theorem
  فربین ِ وری‌نیون   
farbin-e Varignon

Fr.: théorème de Varignon   

The → moment of the resultant of a → coplanar system of → concurrent forces about any center is equal to the algebraic sum of the moments of the component forces about that center.

Named after Pierre Varignon (1654-1722), a French mathematician, who outlined the fundamentals of statics in his book Projet d'une nouvelle mécanique (1687).

virial theorem
  فربین ِ ویریال   
farbin-e viriyâl

Fr.: théorème du viriel   

A general equation applicable to a gravitationally → bound system of equal mass objects (stars, galaxies, etc.), which is stable against → dynamical disruption. It states that in such a system the average → gravitational potential energy (Wvir) is twice the average → kinetic energy (Kvir) of the system: Wvir = -2Kvir. This general proposition, first derived by Rudolf Clausius (1822-1888), has important applications in a variety of fields ranging from statistical mechanics to astrophysics. See also → virialization, → virial equilibrium, → virialized.

virial; → theorem.

Vogt-Russell theorem
  فربین ِ فوکت-راسل   
farbin-e Vogt-Russell

Fr.: théorème de Russell-Vogt   

The internal structure and all observable characteristics of a star (such as luminosity and temperature) are determined uniquely by its mass, chemical composition, and age. Same as → Russell-Vogt theorem.

Named after the German astronomer Heinrich Vogt (1890-1968) and the American astronomer Henry Norris Russell (1877-1957); → theorem.

von Zeipel theorem
  فربین ِ فون زایپل   
farbin-e von Zeipel

Fr.: théorème de von Zeipel   

A theorem that establishes a relation between the → radiative flux at some → colatitude on the surface of a → rotating star and the local → effective gravity (which is a function of the → angular velocity and colatitude). For a rotating star in which → centrifugal forces are not negligible, the → equipotentials where gravity, centrifugal force, and pressure are balanced will no longer be spheres. The theorem states that the radiative flux is proportional to the local effective gravity at the considered colatitude, F(θ) ∝ geff (θ)α, where α is the → gravity darkening coefficient. As a consequence, the stellar surface will not be uniformly bright, because there is a much larger flux and a higher → effective temperature at the pole than at the equator (Teff (θ) ∝ geff (θ)β, where β is the → gravity darkening exponent. In → massive stars this latitudinal dependence of the temperature leads to asymmetric → mass loss and also to enhanced average → mass loss rates. Also called → gravity darkening. See also → von Zeipel paradox; → meridional circulation; → baroclinic instability; → Eddington-Sweet time scale.

Named for Edvard Hugo von Zeipel, Swedish astronomer (1873-1959), who published his work in 1924 (MNRAS 84, 665); → theorem.

Weierstrass approximation theorem
  فربین ِ نزدینش ِ وایرشتراس   
farbin-e nazdineš-e Weierstrass

Fr.: théorème d'approximation de Weierstrass   

If a function φ(x) is continuous on a closed interval [a,b], then for every ε > 0 there exists a polynomial P(x) such that |f(x) - P(x)| <ε, for every x in the interval.

After German mathematician Karl Wilhelm Theodor Weierstrass (1815-1897); → approximation; → theorem.

Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE)
  پویشگر برا‌ی ِ بردید ِ بزرگ-میدان در فروسرخ   
puyešgar barâye bardid-e bozorg-meydân dar forusorx

Fr.: Explorateur pour l'étude grand champ dans l'infrarouge   

A → NASA infrared astronomical → space telescope launched in December 2009 to carry out an → all-sky survey from 3 to 22 → microns. With its 40-cm → telescope telescope and → infrared cameras, WISE aimed at a wide variety of studies ranging from the evolution of → protoplanetary disks to the history of → star formation in normal galaxies. In early October 2010, after completing its prime science mission, the spacecraft ran out of → coolant that keeps its instrumentation cold. However, two of its four infrared cameras remained operational. Hence, NASA extended the NEOWISE portion of the WISE mission by four months, with the primary purpose of hunting for more → asteroids and → comets, and to finish one complete scan of the main → asteroid belt. In August 2013, the WISE telescope's mission was extended for more three years to search for asteroids that could collide with Earth.

wide field; → infrared; → survey; → explorer.

<< < Abe cor fol Lor Pen spo Wie > >>