An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
English-French-Persian

The amount of a quantity distributed over a surface area divided by the area, such as a surface-charge density.

→ surface; → density.

1) The rate at which a small object in free fall near the surface of a body is accelerated by the gravitational force of the body: g = GM / R², where G is the gravitational constant, and M and R are the mass and radius of the object. The surface gravity of Earth is equal to 980 cm s^-2.
2) → black hole surface gravity.

→ surface; → gravity.

Same as → last scattering surface.

→ surface; → last; → scattering.

1) For a star, same as → effective temperature.
2) Meteo.: The air temperature at or near the earth's surface.

→ surface; → temperature.

The inward → attraction of the → molecules at the → surface of a → liquid. The reason is that the molecules at the surface do not have other like molecules on all sides of them and consequently they cohere more strongly to those directly associated with them on the surface. Also called surface energy and capillary forces.

→ surface; → tension.

Electricity: A sudden rush or burst of current or voltage.
Sun: A jet of material from an active region that reaches coronal heights and then either fades or returns into the chromosphere along the trajectory of ascent.

From M.Fr. sourgir "to rise, swell," from L. surgere "to rise, spring out" from → sub- "up from below" + regere "to keep straight, guide," cognate with Pers. râst, → right.

Boruntâz, from borun "out, the outside," → out, + tâz present stem of tâxtan, tâzidan "to run; to hasten; to assault" (Mid.Pers. tak "assault, attack;" Av. taka- "leap, run," from tak- "to run, flow;" cf. Skt. tak- "to rush, to hurry," takti "runs;" O.Ir. tech- "to flow;" Lith. teketi "to walk, to flow;" O.C.S. tešti "to walk, to hurry;" Tokharian B cake "river;" PIE base *tek^w- "to run; to flow").

A mapping f of a set A onto a set B in such a way that every b element of B is the image of at least one element a of A. In other words, for any element b of B, the equation f(a) = b yields at least one solution. Allso called → surjective mapping.

From → sur- + → injection.

Of or pertaining to a → surjection.

→ sur-; → injection.

Same as → surjection.

→ surjective; → mapping.

1) A → conjecture or → guess.
2) To conjecture or guess.

M.E. surmisen, from O.Fr. surmis "accusation," noun use of p.p. of surmettre "to accuse," from → sur- + mettre "put," from L. mittere, → mission.

Râxé, from râx (Dehxodâ) "conjecture, opinion; sorrow, sadness."

1) General: A general or comprehensive view; a detailed inspection or investigation.
2) Astro.: The observation and recording of large extents of the sky with a particular instrument using one or more wavelengths in the same spectral domain. → all-sky survey; → infrared survey; → redshift survey; → photographic survey.
3) To conduct a survey of.

M.E. surveien, from M.Fr. surv(e)eir, surveoir "to oversee," from L. supervidere, from → super- + videre "to look;" cognate with Pers. bin present stem of didan "to see;" Mid.Pers. wyn-; O.Pers. vain- "to see;" Av. vaēn- "to see;" cf. Skt. veda "I know;" Gk. oida "I know," idein "to see;" L. videre "to see;" PIE base *weid- "to know, to see."

Bardid from bar- "up; upon; on; in; into; at; forth; with; near; before; according to" (Mid.Pers. abar; O.Pers. upariy "above; over, upon, according to;" Av. upairi "above, over," upairi.zəma- "located above the earth;" cf. Gk. hyper- "over, above;" L. super-; O.H.G. ubir "over;" PIE base *uper "over") + did past stem of didan "to see" (Mid.Pers. ditan "to see, regard, catch sight of, contemplate, experience;" O.Pers. dī- "to see;" Av. dā(y)- "to see," didāti "sees;" cf. Skt. dhī- "to perceive, think, ponder; thought, reflection, meditation," dādhye; Gk. dedorka "have seen").

1) A person whose occupation is taking accurate measurements of land areas in order to determine boundaries, elevations, and dimensions.
2) One of a series of space probes (1966-1968) that analyzed lunar soil and obtained other scientific information after soft-landing on the Moon.

→ survey; → -or.

The act or fact of surviving, especially under adverse or unusual circumstances (Dictionary.com).

→ survive; → -al.

To remain alive after the death of someone, the cessation of something, or the occurrence of some event; continue to live (Dictionary.com).

M.E., from O.Fr. souvivre, from L. supervivere "live beyond, live longer than," from → super- "over, beyond," + vivere "to live," cognate with Gk. bios, → bio-, and Pers. zistan "to live," as below.

Barzividan, from bar- "over, above," variant of abar-, → super-, + zividan, from Mid.Pers. zivastan "to live," zivik, zivandag "alive, living," Mod.Pers. zistan "to live;" cf. O.Pers./Av. gay- "to live;" Av. gaya- "life," gaeθâ- "being, world, mankind," jivya-, jva- "aliving, alive," Skt. jivah "alive, living;" Gk. bios "life;" L. vivus "living, alive," vita "life;" O.E. cwic "alive;" E. quick, Lith. gyvas "living, alive;" PIE base *gweie- "to live."

State or character of being susceptible. → magnetic susceptibility

M.L. susceptibilitas, from susceptibilis "capable, sustainable, susceptible," from susceptus, p.p. of suscipere "sustain, support, acknowledge," from sub "up from under" + capere "to take" ......

Barxodgiri, from bar- "up; upon; on; in; into; at; forth; with; near; before; according to" (Mid.Pers. abar; O.Pers. upariy "above; over, upon, according to;" Av. upairi "above, over," upairi.zəma- "located above the earth;" cf. Gk. hyper- "over, above;" L. super-; O.H.G. ubir "over;" PIE base *uper "over") + xod "self, own" (Mid.Pers. xwad "self; indeed;" Av. hva- "self, own") + giri vebal noun of gereftan "to take, seize, hold" (Mid.Pers. griftan, gir- "to take, hold, restrain;" O.Pers./Av. grab- "to take, seize," cf. Skt. grah-, grabh- "to seize, take," graha- "seizing, holding, perceiving," M.L.G. grabben "to grab," from P.Gmc. *grab, E. grab "to take or grasp suddenly;" PIE *ghrebh- "to seize").

1) To believe to be guilty, false, counterfeit, undesirable, defective, bad, etc., with little or no proof.
2) A person who is suspected, especially one suspected of a crime, offense, or the like (Dictionary.com).

M.E., from M.Fr. suspecter, from O.Fr. suspect, from L. suspectus "suspected, regarded with suspicion or mistrust," p.p. of suspicere "look up at, look upward," from assimilated form of → sub- + specere, "to look at," → -scope.

Bargâsidan, from bar- "on; up; upon; in; into; at; forth; with," → on-, + gâsidan "to look at," → speculate; bargâsâr, from bargâs + -âr, contraction of âvar agent noun of âvardan "to bring; to cause, produce," → format.

Believed likely.

Past participle of → suspect.

1) The state of mind or feeling of one who suspects.
2) An instance of suspecting something or someone (Dictionary.com).

M.E., from suspecioun, from O.Fr. suspicion, sospeçon "mistrust, suspicion," from L.L. suspectionem "mistrust, suspicion, fear," noun of state from past participle stem of L. suspicere "to look up at," → suspect.

Verbal noun from bargâsidan, → suspect.

1) Tending to cause or excite suspicion; questionable.
2) Inclined to suspect, especially inclined to suspect evil; distrustful.
3) Full of or feeling suspicion (Dictionary.com).

M.E., from O.Fr. sospecious, from L. suspiciosus, suspitiosus "exciting suspicion, causing mistrust," from stem of suspicere, → suspect.

Bargâsnâk, from bargâs present stem of pargâsidan, → suspect, + -nâk adj. suffix.

To cause or allow something to continue for a long period of time.

M.E. suste(i)nen, from O.Fr. sustenir "hold up, endure," from L. sustinere "hold up, support, endure," from → sub- "up from below" + tenere "to hold," from from PIE root *ten- "to stretch," → tension.

Padârdan, from Sogd. padâr "to sustain, support," from Proto-Ir. *pati-dar-, from *pati- "to, toward, in, at, agianst," → ad hoc, + *dar "to hold, keep, maintain," → property, + -dan infinitive suffix.