An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
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فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

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Number of Results: 10 Search : Jeans
Jeans
  جینز   
Jeans

Fr.: Jeans   

Sir James Hopwood Jeans (1877-1946), English mathematical physicist, astrophysicist, and popularizer of science. He made important contributions to theoretical astrophysics, especially to the theory of stellar formation. → Jeans escape, → Jeans instability, → Jeans length, → Jeans mass, → Jeans scale, → Rayleigh-Jeans law, → Rayleigh-Jeans spectrum, → thermal Jeans mass, → turbulent Jeans mass, → Jeans escape.

Jeans escape
  گریز ِ جینز   
goriz-e Jeans

Fr.: échappement de Jeans   

A → thermal escape process by which the atmosphere of a planet loses gases to outer space. This form of thermal escape occurs because some molecules, especially low mass ones, are within the higher-velocity end of the → Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. The possibility for the gases to escape occurs when the thermal energy of air molecules becomes greater than the → gravitational potential energy of the planet: (3/2)kT = (1/2)mv2  >  GmM/R where v is upward velocity of a molecule of mass m, M is the mass of the planet, and R is the radius of the planet at which thermal escape occurs. The minimum velocity for which this can work is called the → escape velocity is: ve = (2MG/R)1/2. Hydrogen molecules (H2) and helium, or their ions tend to have velocities high enough so that they are not bound by Earth's gravitational field and are lost to space from the top of the atmosphere. This process is important for the loss of hydrogen, a low-mass species that more easily attains escape speed at a given temperature, because v ~ (2kT/m)1/2. As such, Jeans' escape was likely influential in the atmospheric evolution of all the early terrestrial planets. Jeans' escape currently accounts for a non-negligible fraction of hydrogen escaping from Earth, Mars, and Titan, but it is negligible for Venus because of a cold upper atmosphere combined with relatively high gravity (see, e.g., Catling, D. C. and Kasting, J. F., 2017, Escape of Atmospheres to Space, pp. 129-167. Cambridge University Press).

Jeans; → escape.

Jeans instability
  ناپایداری ِ جینز   
nâpâydâri-ye Jeans

Fr.: instabilité de Jeans   

An instability that occurs in a → self-gravitating  → interstellar cloud which is in → hydrostatic equilibrium. Density fluctuations caused by a perturbation may condense the material leading to the domination of gravitational force and the cloud collapse. The advent of instability involves a threshold called the → Jeans length or the → Jeans mass.

Jeans; → instability.

Jeans length
  درازای ِ جینز   
derâzâ-ye Jeans (#)

Fr.: longueur de Jeans   

The critical size of a homogeneous and isothermal interstellar cloud above which the cloud is unstable and must collapse under its own gravity. Below this size the cloud's internal pressure is sufficient to resist collapse. The Jeans length is defined by: λJ = (π cs2/Gρ)1/2 = 0.2 pc (T/10 K)1/2(nH2/104 cm-3)-1/2, where cs is the → sound speed, G is the → gravitational constant, ρ is the gas density, T is the gas temperature, and nH2 is the molecular hydrogen density.

Jeans; → length.

Jeans mass
  جرم ِ جینز   
jerm-e Jeans (#)

Fr.: masse de Jeans   

The → minimum mass for an → interstellar cloud below which the → thermal pressure of the gas prevents its → collapse under the force of its own → gravity. It is given by the formula MJ = (π5/2 / 6) G -3/2ρ0-1/2cs3, where G is the → gravitational constant, ρ0 the initial → density, and cs the isothermal → sound speed. It can be approximated to MJ ~ 45 (TK) 3/2 (ncm-3) -1/2 in units of solar masses, where TK is the temperature in → Kelvin, and ncm-3 the gas density per cm3. High density favors collapse, while high temperature favors larger Jeans mass. See also: → thermal Jeans mass, → turbulent Jeans mass.

Jeans; → mass.

Jeans scale
  مرپل ِ جینز   
marpel-e Jeans

Fr.: échelle de Jeans   

Same as → Jeans length.

Jeans; → scale.

Rayleigh-Jeans law
  قانون ِ ریلی-جینز   
qânun-e Rayleigh-Jeans(#)

Fr.: loi de Rayleigh-Jeans   

A classical law approximately describing the intensity of radiation emitted by a → blackbody. It states that this intensity is proportional to the temperature divided by the fourth power of the wavelength (8πkT4). The Rayleigh-Jeans law is a good approximation to the experimentally verified Planck radiation formula only at long wavelengths. At short wavelengths it runs into a paradox named the → ultraviolet catastrophe.

Rayleigh; → Jeans; → law.

Rayleigh-Jeans spectrum
  بیناب ِ ریلی-جینز   
binâb-e Rayleigh-Jeans

Fr.: spectre Rayleigh-Jeans   

The part of → electromagnetic spectrum approximated by the → Rayleigh-Jeans law.

Rayleigh; → Jeans; → spectrum.

thermal Jeans mass
  جرم ِ جینز ِ گرمایی   
jerme-e Jeans-e garmâyi

Fr.: masse de Jeans thermique   

The → Jeans mass when → turbulence is insignificant.

thermal; → Jeans; → mass.

turbulent Jeans mass
  جرم ِ جینز ِ آشوبناک   
jerm-e Jeans-e âšubnâk

Fr.: masse de Jeans turbulente   

The characteristic mass for → cloud fragmentation in a → turbulent medium. While the standard → Jeans mass depends simply on the gas mean → density and → temperature, and fragmentation is purely gravitational, turbulent Jeans mass depends strongly also on the → Mach number (Chabrier et al. 2014, arXiv:1409.8466).

turbulent; → Jeans; → mass.