An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
English-French-Persian

A prefix meaning "over, above, beyond, in addition," occurring mainly in loanwords from Fr.

From O.Fr. sour-, sor-, sur-, from L. → super-.

Bar-, abar-, → super-; ru-, ruy- "face, surface; aspect; appearance," variant rox (Mid.Pers. rôy, rôdh "face;" Av. raoδa- "growth," in plural form "appearance," from raod- "to grow, sprout, shoot;" cf. Skt. róha- "rising, height").

Free from doubt as to the reliability, character, action, etc., of something (Dictionary.com).

M.E. sur(e), from M.Fr. sur, O.Fr. seur "safe, secure; trustworthy," from L. securus "free from care, untroubled, safe," from *se cura, from se "free from" + cura "care."

Tenz, from (Fine-e Bandar Abbâs) tenz "firm, fixed, solid," variant tereng; (Tabari) tereng, təreq "firm, fixed;" (Baxtiyâri) teng "firm;" cf. Baluci tranj-, dranjit, tranjit/drannj-, draht, dratk "to hang up;" ultimately from Proto-Ir. *dra(n)j- "to fix, fasten, hold;" Av. drənj- (draž-) "to fix, fasten, hold;" Parthian (*abi-) 'bdrynj- "to be sure, secure; make certain;" Khotanese drys- "to hold;" cognate with Gk. drassomai "I hold (with the hand), take;" O.Irish dringid "he climbs;" M.Welsh dringo "to climb;" PIE *dreg^h- "to hold, fasten."

Without doub; certainly; to be sure; for sure.

→ sure; → -ly.

1) Security against loss or damage or for the fulfillment of an obligation, the payment of a debt, etc.; a pledge, guaranty, or bond.
2) The state or quality of being sure (Dictionary.com).

M.E. surte, from M.Fr., from O.Fr. seurte "a promise, pledge, guarantee; assurance, confidence;" from L. securitas "freedom from care or danger, safety," from securus, → secure.

1) The outer face, outside, or exterior boundary of a thing; outermost or uppermost layer or area.
2) Math.: An infinite aggregate of points constituting space of two dimensions; part or all of the boundary of a solid.

→ sur-; → face.

The brightness of an extended object, such as a planet, nebula, galaxy, or the sky background, expressed as magnitudes per unit area (usually square arc second). Surface brightness is calculated by dividing the object's magnitude by its size (→ isophotal radius).

→ surface; → brightness.

A current whose core of maximum velocity is near the surface.

→ surface; → current.

The amount of a quantity distributed over a surface area divided by the area, such as a surface-charge density.

→ surface; → density.

1) The rate at which a small object in free fall near the surface of a body is accelerated by the gravitational force of the body: g = GM / R², where G is the gravitational constant, and M and R are the mass and radius of the object. The surface gravity of Earth is equal to 980 cm s^-2.
2) → black hole surface gravity.

→ surface; → gravity.

Same as → last scattering surface.

→ surface; → last; → scattering.

1) For a star, same as → effective temperature.
2) Meteo.: The air temperature at or near the earth's surface.

→ surface; → temperature.

The inward → attraction of the → molecules at the → surface of a → liquid. The reason is that the molecules at the surface do not have other like molecules on all sides of them and consequently they cohere more strongly to those directly associated with them on the surface. Also called surface energy and capillary forces.

→ surface; → tension.

Electricity: A sudden rush or burst of current or voltage.
Sun: A jet of material from an active region that reaches coronal heights and then either fades or returns into the chromosphere along the trajectory of ascent.

From M.Fr. sourgir "to rise, swell," from L. surgere "to rise, spring out" from → sub- "up from below" + regere "to keep straight, guide," cognate with Pers. râst, → right.

Boruntâz, from borun "out, the outside," → out, + tâz present stem of tâxtan, tâzidan "to run; to hasten; to assault" (Mid.Pers. tak "assault, attack;" Av. taka- "leap, run," from tak- "to run, flow;" cf. Skt. tak- "to rush, to hurry," takti "runs;" O.Ir. tech- "to flow;" Lith. teketi "to walk, to flow;" O.C.S. tešti "to walk, to hurry;" Tokharian B cake "river;" PIE base *tek^w- "to run; to flow").

A mapping f of a set A onto a set B in such a way that every b element of B is the image of at least one element a of A. In other words, for any element b of B, the equation f(a) = b yields at least one solution. Allso called → surjective mapping.

From → sur- + → injection.

Of or pertaining to a → surjection.

→ sur-; → injection.

Same as → surjection.

→ surjective; → mapping.

1) A → conjecture or → guess.
2) To conjecture or guess.

M.E. surmisen, from O.Fr. surmis "accusation," noun use of p.p. of surmettre "to accuse," from → sur- + mettre "put," from L. mittere, → mission.

Râxé, from râx (Dehxodâ) "conjecture, opinion; sorrow, sadness."

1) General: A general or comprehensive view; a detailed inspection or investigation.
2) Astro.: The observation and recording of large extents of the sky with a particular instrument using one or more wavelengths in the same spectral domain. → all-sky survey; → infrared survey; → redshift survey; → photographic survey.
3) To conduct a survey of.

M.E. surveien, from M.Fr. surv(e)eir, surveoir "to oversee," from L. supervidere, from → super- + videre "to look;" cognate with Pers. bin present stem of didan "to see;" Mid.Pers. wyn-; O.Pers. vain- "to see;" Av. vaēn- "to see;" cf. Skt. veda "I know;" Gk. oida "I know," idein "to see;" L. videre "to see;" PIE base *weid- "to know, to see."

Bardid from bar- "up; upon; on; in; into; at; forth; with; near; before; according to" (Mid.Pers. abar; O.Pers. upariy "above; over, upon, according to;" Av. upairi "above, over," upairi.zəma- "located above the earth;" cf. Gk. hyper- "over, above;" L. super-; O.H.G. ubir "over;" PIE base *uper "over") + did past stem of didan "to see" (Mid.Pers. ditan "to see, regard, catch sight of, contemplate, experience;" O.Pers. dī- "to see;" Av. dā(y)- "to see," didāti "sees;" cf. Skt. dhī- "to perceive, think, ponder; thought, reflection, meditation," dādhye; Gk. dedorka "have seen").

1) A person whose occupation is taking accurate measurements of land areas in order to determine boundaries, elevations, and dimensions.
2) One of a series of space probes (1966-1968) that analyzed lunar soil and obtained other scientific information after soft-landing on the Moon.

→ survey; → -or.

The act or fact of surviving, especially under adverse or unusual circumstances (Dictionary.com).

→ survive; → -al.