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post-Newtonian expansion sopâneš-e pasâ-Newtoni Fr.: développement post-newtinien |
post-Newtonian formalism disegerâyi-ye pasâ-Newtoni Fr.: formalisme post-newtonien An approximate version of → general relativity that applies when the → gravitational field is → weak, and the matter → velocity is → small. Post-Newtonian formalism successfully describes the gravitational field of the solar system. It can also be applied to situations involving compact bodies with strong internal gravity, provided that the mutual gravity between bodies is weak. It also provides a foundation to calculate the → gravitational waves emitted by → compact binary star systems, as well as their orbital evolution under radiative losses. The formalism proceeds from the Newtonian description and then, step by step, adds correction terms that take into account the effects of general relativity. The correction terms are ordered in a systematic way (from the largest effects to the smallest ones), and the progression of ever smaller corrections is called the → post-Newtonian expansion. |
post-nova pasâ-novâ, pasâ-now-axtar Fr.: post-nova The stage following a nova outburst, when the star has returned to a quiescent state. |
post-planetary nebula star setâre-ye pasâ-miq-e sayyâre-yi Fr.: étoile post-nébuleuse planétaire An evolved star whose → planetary nebula has dissipated. |
postmodernism pasâ-novingerâyi Fr.: post-modernisme Any of a number of trends or styles in architecture, philosophy, literature, and art developed in the latter part of the 20th century often in reaction to → modernism. In philosophy, postmodernists claim that value systems are concoctions of human partial knowledge rather than systems reflecting universal objective truth. The most influential early postmodern philosophers include Jean Baudrillard, Jean-François Lyotard, and Jacques Derrida. The term postmodernism was first coined by architects to designate an architectural response against the earlier Bauhaus style, which was characterized by box-like apartment buildings, the absence of ornamentation and harmony between the function of a building and its design; → post- + → modernism. |
postpone pas afkandan (#) Fr.: renvoyer, remettre, ajouner To put off to a later time; defer. From L. postponere "put after; neglect; postpone," from → post- "after" + ponere "to put, place," → position. Pas afkandan, literally "to throw after," "to postpone" (Dehxodâ), from pas- "after," → post-, + afkandan "to throw," → stopword. |
postulate 1) farâvas; 2) farâvasidan Fr.: 1) postulat; 2) postuler 1a) Math.: An unproved → assumption
taken as basic in a mathematical
system, and from which (in combination with other → postulates)
the propositions
of the system are derived, or in terms of which the propositions are proved.
In modern usage, postulate is synonymous with → axiom. From L. postulatum "petition, thing requested," noun use of neuter of p.p. of postulare "to ask, request, demand," akin to poscere "to request." Farâvas (on the model of piš-nahâd "proposition,"
and farâ-nemudan "to exhibit, expose"), from farâ-,
→ pro-, + vas. The second component from
Av. vas- "to will, desire, wish, long for," vasəmi
"I wish," vasna- "will, favor," ušti- "desire, wish, will,"
vasô, vasə "at one's will;" cf. O.Pers. vasiy
"at will, greatly, utterly," vašna- "will, favor;"
Mid.Pers. vasnâd "because, on account of."
This word is extant in several Modern Iranian
dialects: Tabari vessen "to wish, desire," Gilaki vâssan
"to wish, desire," vâsti "desire; for, because, on account of;"
Kurd. wistin "to desire, wish," Lâri avessa "to desire;"
Nâyini vas "to like;" colloquial
Tehrâni vâsé "for;"
Lori, Malâyeri biza "pregnancy craving;"
cognate with Skt. vaś- "to wish, want, desire," váśa-
"wish, desire," vasēna "for, because;" Gk. ekon "voluntary;"
PIE base *uek- "to wish." |
potassium potâsiom (#) Fr.: potassium A silvery-white metallic chemical element; symbol K (from L. kalium "potash"). Atomic number 19; atomic weight 39.0983; melting point 63.25°C; boiling point 760°C. Coined by the English chemist Sir Humphrey Davy (1778-1829), who first isolated it in 1807 from electrolysis of caustic potash (KOH); from Mod.L. potassa, Latinized form of E. potash + -ium. |
potential tavand Fr.: potentiel 1) A latent ability that may or may not be developed; possibility. From L.L. potentialis "potential," from L. potentia "power," potis "powerful, able, capable;" cognate with Av. paiti- "lord, husband;" Mod.Pers. -bad (sepah-bad "general, commander of an army"); Skt. páti- "master, husband;" Gk. posis "husband;" Lith. patis "husband." Tavand, from tav- + -vand. The first component tav-
is the stem of tavân "power, strength," tavânestan "to be powerful,
able;" variants tâv, tâb, (dialects) tew "power;" Mid.Pers. tuwan
"power, might;" O.Pers. tav- "to have power, to be strong, to be able,"
tauman- "power, strength," tunuvant- "powerful;"
Av. tauu- (tu-) "to be able, strong,"
tavah- "power," təviši- "strength" (Mod.Pers.
tuš "power, ability");
Skt. tavi- "to be strong, to have authority,"
tavas-, tavisa- "strong, energetic," tavisi- "power, strength;"
Gk. taus, saos "healthy;" L. tumere "to be swollen;" PIE
*teu- "to swell, be strong." The second component -vand
a suffix of adjectives and agent nouns, → actual. |
potential barrier varqeye tavand Fr.: barrière de potentiel Region in a field of force in which the potential is such that a particle, which is subject to the field, encounters opposition to its passage. |
potential density cagâli-ye tavand Fr.: densité potentielle Of a fluid parcel at pressure P, the density that it would acquire if adiabatically brought to a reference pressure. |
potential difference degarsâni-ye tavand Fr.: différence de potentiel Between two points, the work done in taking the unit test object from one point to the other. Potential is a scalar quantity. → potential; → difference. |
potential energy kâruž-e tavand Fr.: énergie potentielle Of a system, the work done in changing the system from some standard configuration to its present state. Thus, if a body of mass m is raised vertically through a height h, the work done, mgh, is the increase in potential energy. |
potential energy curve xam-e kâruž-e tavand Fr.: courbe de l'energie potentielle A plot that displays the → potential energy of a moving body as a function of its position. It is explained by the → conservation of energy and the conversion of potential energy into → kinetic energy and vice versa. |
potential field meydân-e tavand Fr.: champ de potentiel A field that has a → potential. A continuous → vector fieldA in a domain D is a potential field in D if and only if its → work around every closed curve C contained in D is zero: ∫A.ds = 0. Examples include the → gravitational field and the → electrostatic field. |
potential gradient zine-ye tavand Fr.: gradient de potentiel At a point, the rate of change of potential V, with distance x, measured in the direction in which the variation is a maximum. The intensity F of the field is proportional to the potential gradient, but is oppositely directed: F = -dV/dx. |
potential well câh-e tavand Fr.: puit de potentiel Region in a → field of force in which the potential decreases abruptly, and in the surrounding region of which the potential is larger. |
potentiality tavandi Fr.: potentialité 1) The state or quality of being potential. Something potential. |
potentially tavandâné Fr.: potentiellement With a possibility of becoming actual; possibly. |
potentially hazardous asteroid (PHA) seyyârak-e tavandâné âpenâk Fr.: astéroïde potentiellement dangereux An asteroid that could make a threatening close approach to the Earth. In technical terms a PHA is defined as having an → absolute magnitude of 22 or brighter and an → Earth Minimum Orbit Intersection Distance (MOID) of less than 0.05 → astronomical unit or 7.5 million km. → potentially; → hazardous; → asteroid. |
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