An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
English-French-Persian

فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

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Number of Results: 1358
chalcophile
  خالکودوست، مسدوست   
xâlkdust, mesdust

Fr.: élémznt chalcophilz   

chalcophile element.

chalco-; → -phile.

chalcophile element
  بن‌پار ِ خالکودوست، ~ مسدوست   
bonpâr-e xâlkdust, ~ mesdust

Fr.: élément chalcophile   

In the → Goldschmidt classification, a → chemical element that has an → affinity for sulphur, and therefore tending to be more abundant in sulphide minerals and ores than in other types of rock. This group is depleted in the silicate Earth and may be concentrated in the core. The group includes → silver (Ag), → arsenic (As), → bismuth (Bi), → cadmium (Cd), → copper (Cu), → mercury (Hg), → indium (In), → lead (Pb), → sulfur (S), → antimony (Sb), → selenium (Se), → tellurium (Te), and → thallium (Tl). As a consequence of their relatively low condensation temperatures (500-1100 K), most of these elements are depleted in terrestrial planets with respect to chondrites.

chalcophile; → element.

Chamaeleon
  آفتاب‌پرست   
Âftâbparast (#)

Fr.: Caméléon   

The Chameleon. A small inconspicuous → constellation in the southern hemisphere near → Crux, lying at approximate position: R.A. 11 h, Dec. -80°. Abbreviation: Cha; genitive form: Chamaeleonis;

From O.Fr. chaméléon, from L. chamaeleon, from Gk. khamaileon, from khamai "on the ground" (akin to chthon "earth;" cf. Av. zam- "the earth," Mid.Pers. zamig, Mod.Pers. zami, zamin "the earth," Skt. ksam, L. homo "earthly being" and humus "the earth," PIE *dh(e)ghom "earth") + leon "lion."

Âftâbparast "chameleon," literally "sun adorer," from âftâb "Sun, sunlight" + parast "worshipper,"

chamber
  اتاقک   
otâqak (#)

Fr.: chambre   

An enclosed space making part of a laboratory apparatus, such as → bubble chamber, → cloud chamber, → multiwire proportional chamber.

M.E., from O.Fr. chambre, from L.L. camera "a chamber, room."

Otâqak "small room, small chamber," cf. Sogdian ôtâk "place, region," ôtâkcik "local, regional, native" + -ak diminutive suffix.

champagne effect
  اسکر ِ شامپانی   
oskar-e šâmpâyn

Fr.: effet champagne   

Blowing out of → ionized gas from a → molecular cloud when the → ionization front of an → H II region created by an → embedded  → massive star arrives at the molecular cloud edge. The large → pressure gradient set up between the H II region and the → interstellar medium ejects the ionized material with velocities larger than 30 km/s, in a way comparable to champagne flowing out of a bottle.

From a hydrodynamical model first proposed by Guillermo Tenorio-Tagle (1979). Champagne, Fr., short for vin de Champagne "wine from Champagne," a historical region at northeast France, from L.L. campania "flat open country," from L. campus "field;" → effect.

champagne flow
  تچان ِ شامپانی   
tacân-e šâmpâyn

Fr.: flot champagne   

The flow of → ionized gas escaping from a → molecular cloud due to the → champagne effect.

flow.

Chandler wobble
  پلاپل ِ چاندلر   
palâpel-e Candler

Fr.: mouvement de Chandler   

Small-scale variations in the position of the Earth's geographical poles within an irregular circle of 3 to 15 metres in diameter. It seems to result from two nearly circular components, a seasonal variation in the mass distribution on the Earth (ice, snow, atmosphere) and movements of matter within the Earth.

Named after Seth Carlo Chandler (1846-1913), the American astronomer who discovered the phenomenon; → wobble.

Chandra X-ray Observatory
  نپاهشگاه ِ پرتوهای ِ X ِ چاندرا   
nepâhešgâh-e partowhâ-ye X-e Chandra

Fr.: Observatoire des rayons X Chandra   

An astronomy satellite launched by NASA in 1999 July, specially designed to detect X-ray emission from very hot regions of the Universe such as exploded stars, clusters of galaxies, and matter around black holes. Chandra carries a high resolution mirror (aperture 1.2 m, focal length 10 m), two imaging detectors (HRC and ACIS), and two sets of transmission grating spectrometer (LETG and HETG). Important Chandra features are: an order of magnitude improvement in spatial resolution, good sensitivity from 0.1 to 10 keV, and the capability for high spectral resolution observations over most of this range. Chandra was initially given an expected lifetime of 5 years, but on 4 September 2001 NASA extended its lifetime to 10 years "based on the observatory's outstanding results." Among the results obtained using Chandra one can mention the spectacular image of the → supernova remnant Cassiopeia A. See also → X-ray astronomy.

Initially called Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF), the satellite was renamed the Chandra X-ray Observatory in honor of Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics, → Chandrasekhar limit. Moreover, Chandra, or candra- means "moon" or "shining" in Skt., from cand- "to give light, shine;" cf. Gk. kandaros "coal;" L. candela "a light, torch," from candere "to shine;" → X-ray; → Observatory.

Chandrasekhar limit
  حدِ چاندراسکهار   
hadd-e Chandrasekhar (#)

Fr.: limite de Chandrasekhar   

A limiting mass of about 1.44 Solar masses that the theory predicts a non-rotating → white dwarf can attain without collapsing to become a → neutron star or a → black hole. Over this → critical mass, the degeneracy pressure will be unable to bear the load of the bulk mass.

Named after Subrahmayan Chandrasekhar (1910-1995), Indian-born American astrophysicist who, with William A. Fowler, won the 1983 Nobel Prize for Physics for his research on white dwarfs; → limit.

change
  ۱) گلنیدن؛ ۲) گلناندن؛ ۳) آلشیدن؛ ۴) گلن، گلنه   
1) galnidan; 2) galnândan; 3) âlešidan; 4) galn, galne

Fr.: 1, 2) changer; 3) changement   

1) (v.intr.) To undergo change.
2a) (v.tr.) To → alter, modify, or make different; to make to pass from one state to another; to → exchange.
2b) To transform or convert.
3) To substitute another or others for; exchange for something else, usually of the same kind.
4) The act of changing; alteration or variation of any kind. → adiabatic change, → canonical change, → polytropic change, → secular change, → exchange.

M.E., from O.Fr. changier, from L.L. cambiare, from L. cambire "to exchange, barter," of Celtic origin, cf. Breton kamm "curved, bent;" Gk. kampe "a corner, a joint;" L. campus "a field;" Lith. kampus "corner;" PIE *kamb- "to bend, crook."

Galnidan, variant of gardidan, gaštan "to change, to turn," → Universe, cf. Awromani gelnây, geln- "to turn over" (Cheung 2007).

chaos
  ۱) ورشون؛ ۲) شیوار   
1) varšun; 2) šivâr

Fr.: chaos   

1a) General: A condition or place of great disorder or confusion.
1b) Math., Physics: Highly disordered evolution of some → dynamical systems which is sensitively dependent on → initial conditions. In a → chaotic system the → aperiodic, → nonlinear evolution grows → exponentially with time. Ordinary chaos is not → turbulence, but turbulence is always chaotic.
2) In → astrogeology, a distinctive area of fractured terrain on a planet or satellite, e.g. Gorgonum Chaos located in the southern hemisphere of Mars.

Chaos, in Gk. mythology and cosmology, the void existing at the beginning of the creation, as evoked in Hesiod's (c. 850 B.C.) Theogony. However, the meaning of chaos, used by Hesiod, is a matter of debate. Some have interpreted it as the primeval absence of order (hence → confusion). Subsequently, the Roman writer Ovid (43 BC-17? AD) described Chaos in his Metamorphoses as an unordered and formless primordial mass, and opposed Chaos to Cosmos "the ordered universe."

Chaos "gaping void," from L. chaos, from Gk. khaos "abyss, that which gapes wide open, is vast and empty," from *khnwos, from PIE base *gheu-, *gh(e)i- "to gape."

1) Varšun, from Tabari varâšun, Gilaki varâšin, daršin, uršin all meaning "confused, unordered, untidy," cf. Qomi šur-o-šin "chaos, confusion". The stem šun-/šin- is related to Mod.Pers. šân- in afšândan, šândan "to disperse, scatter, stew" (Mid.Pers. afšândan "to spread, scatter"), Gilaki šondan "to disperse," Hamadani šuândan "to derange, disorder," Laki veršânâ "to disperse, scatter," Šuštari šayn "to shake, agitate," Kermâni owšin "a winnowing fork to separate chaff from the grain," Laki šovâné "scattered household furniture," Tabari timšan "sowing seeds;" all ultimately from Proto-Ir. *šan- "to shake;" see also → confuse. The prefix var-, variant bar- "up, over" (as well as dar- "in"), denotes "disorder, confusion" as in darham barham "upside-down, helter-skelter".
2) Šivâr "depression between two terrains," from Tabari; probably a variant of šiyâr, → groove.

chaos theory
  نگره‌ی ِ ورشون   
negare-ye varšun

Fr.: théorie du chaos   

The theory of unpredictable behavior that can arise in systems obeying deterministic scientific laws.

theory; → chaos.

chaotic
  ورشونگین، ورشونناک   
varšungin, varšunnâk

Fr.: chaotique   

Or, or relating to → chaos.

Chaotic, adj. from → chaos.

chaotic behavior
  رفتار ِ ورشونگین   
raftâr-e varšungin

Fr.: comportement chaotique   

The behavior of a → chaotic system.

chaotic; → behavior.

chaotic system
  راژمانِ ورشونگین   
râžmân-e varšungin

Fr.: système chaotique   

A system that is → deterministic through → description by mathematical rules but can evolve highly → nonlinearly depending on → initial conditions. See also → chaos.

chaotic; → system.

chaoticity
  ورشونگینی   
varšungini

Fr.: chaoticité   

The condition of being → chaotic.

chaotic; → -ity.

Chaplygin gas
  گاز ِ چاپلیگین   
gâz-e Chaplygin

Fr.: gaz de Tchaplyguin   

In → dark energy models, a hypothetical fluid that can lead to cosmic acceleration at late times. In its simplest form, the Chaplygin gas has the → equation of statep = - A/ρ, where p and ρ denote the → pressure and → energy density, respectively, and A is a positive model parameter. This equation was introduced by Chaplygin (1904, Sci. Mem. Moscow Univ. Math., 21) to study the lifting force on a plane wing in aerodynamics.

Named after Sergey Chaplygin (1869-1942), Russian physicist; → gas.

Chappuis band
  باند ِ شپویی   
bând-e Chappuis

Fr.: bande de Chappuis   

A band in the → absorption spectrum of → ozone (O3) extending in the → visible from 400 nm to 700 nm. → Hartley band, → Huggins band.

J. Chappuis, Acad. Sci., Paris, C. R. 91, 985 (1880).

character
  ۱) سرشت، سرشتار؛ ۲) سرشتار؛ ۳) دخشه   
1) serešt (#), sereštâr; 2) sereštâr; 3) daxšé (#)

Fr.: 1, 3) caractère; 2) personnage   

1a) The aggregate of features and traits that form the individual nature of some person or thing.
1b) One such feature or trait; characteristic.
2) A person represented in a play, film, story, etc; role. See also → personage (Dictionary.com).
3) Computers: One of a set of symbols, such as letters or numbers, that are arranged to express information; the numerical code representing such a character.

M.E. carecter "distinctive mark," from O.Fr. caractère, from L. character, from Gk. kharakter "graving tool, its mark," from kharassein "to engrave," from kharax "pointed stick."

1, 2) Serešt "nature, temperament, constitution; mixed," sereštan "to mix, mingle; knead;" serišom "glue;" Mid.Pers. srištan "to mix, knead;" cf. Av. ham-sriš- "to put together;" Skt. śres- "to cling, stick, be attached;" Proto-Ir. root *sraiš- "to put together, attach" (Cheung 2007).
Sereštâr with -âr, contraction of âvar agent noun of âvardan "to bring; to cause, produce," → format.
3) Daxšé, variants dâq "a brand, a mark burned on the skin of an animal with a hot iron," Gilaki dajé "a brand," Hamadani daj "sign placed on a heap of harvest indicating identity or ownership," Mid.Pers. daxšag "mark, sign, charactersitic; (monthly) signs (of women)", dazidan "to burn, scorch," Av. daxša- "sign, mark, defect," from dag- "to burn," dažaiti "burns," cf. Skt. dah- "to burn," dahati "burns," Gk. tephra "ash," L. favilla "glowing ashes," Lith. dagas "hot season," O.Prus. dagis "summer," P.Gmc. *dagaz, Ger. Tag, E. day; PIE *dhegwh- "to burn."

characteristic
  ۱) سرشتار؛ ۲) سرشتاری   
1) serežtâr; 2) serežtâri

Fr.: caractéristique   

1a ) A distinguishing feature or quality.
1b) The integer part of a → common logarithm. For example, log10 (23) = 1.362, where the characteristic is 1 and the → mantissa is 0.362.
2) Pertaining to, constituting, or indicating the character or peculiar quality of a person or thing; typical; distinctive.

character; → -istic.

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