An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
English-French-Persian

The network of the points in space at which the atoms, molecules, or ions of a → crystal are regularly repeated.

→ crystal; → lattice.

The geometric framework to which a crystal may be referred and the arrangement of atoms or electron density distribution relative to that framework, usually determined by X-ray diffraction measurements.

→ crystal; → structure.

One of seven possible basic crystal types that is defined by the relations between the axis lengths and angles of its unit cell. Crystal systems can produce an infinite → lattice by successive translations in three-dimensional space so that each lattice point has an identical environment. The seven crystal systems are: → cubic, → orthorhombic, tetragonal, trigonal, hexagonal, monoclinic, and triclinic.

→ crystal; → system.

1) Of or like crystal; clear; transparent.
2) Formed by → crystallization.
3) Composed of crystals.
4) Pertaining to crystals or their formation (Dictionary.com).

Adjective from → crystal.

A → doubly convex, → transparent body in the → eye, situated behind the → iris, that focuses incident light on the → retina (Dictionary.com).

→ crystalline; → lens; → eye.

An arrangement and interrelationship of parts that is of → crystalline nature.

→ crystalline; → structure.

1) A state of molecular structure in some resins attributed to the existence of solid crystals with a definite geometric form.
2) The percentage of a polymer sample that has formed crystals (J. W. Gooch, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers).

→ crystalline; → -ity.

A process by which a homogeneous solution becomes crystal.

Noun from crystallize, → crystal.

Noun from bolur, from verb boluridan "to crystallize" + verbal noun suffix -eš.

The science of forms, properties, and structure of crystals.

→ crystal; → -graphy; → -logy.

An evolved → hot star which is responsible for the ionization of a → planetary nebula. Planetary nebulae result from mass ejection by evolved stars undergoing violent instabilities. CSPNe are extremely hot, with → effective temperatures ranging from 30,000 to 120,000 K. They evolve rapidly toward the → white dwarf stage, while the planetary nebulae continue expanding with a small expansion velocity of about 25 km s^-1, becoming progressively thinner and thus eventually invisible after some 10⁴ years. The initial masses of these stars range from about 1 to 8 solar masses. CSPNe are not a homogeneous group and present a large variety of spectral characteristics. Many of CSPNe display emission lines, some of them with spectra resembling those of → WC Wolf-Rayet. Although superficially similar, they differ from classical W-R stars in their degenerate structure, much lower masses, a wider range of temperatures, and limitation almost exclusively to carbon-rich stars. Some CSPNe show → weak emission-lines (wels). A considerable fraction of both groups are hydrogen deficient. However, some wels may be H-rich despite having emission lines. The evolutionary status of the [WR]-type stars is still very uncertain, and it is unclear whether there is any evolutionary relation to the wels. CSPNe have a strong → stellar wind composed of helium, carbon, and oxygen. Some of them are binary systems. The study of CSPNe is important for understanding of → post-AGB stellar evolution.

CSPN, short for → Central, → Star of → Planetary Nebula.

Geometry: The regular solid whose faces are six squares.
Algebra: The third power of a quantity; the product of three equal factors (a . a . a = a³).

From L. cubus, from Gk. kubos "a cube, a die; cavity before the hip," kubiton "elbow;" cf. Skt. kubra- "hole in the earth, pit;" Goth. hups "hip;" from PIE base *keu- "to bend."

The currently used term in Pers. is moka'ab (مکعب), loan from Ar., from ka'b (کعب) "talus, anklebone, heel; die." There are several Pers. equivalents for the concepts "talus, anklebone; die," one of which qâb, variants qâp and in Tabari kâb "heel, talus." This dictionary adopts kâb, which has already been introduced by other sources.

A number which taken three times as a factor produces another number, the cube of the given factor.

→ cube; → root.

1) Having the form of a cube; having three dimensions. → cubic crystal system.
2) Of or pertaining to the third degree of a quantity or variable. → cubic equation, → cubic function.

→ cube + → -ic.

A → crystal system whose three axes have equal lengths and all corners are 90°.

→ cubic; → crystal; → system.

An equation containing unknowns of the third power; the general form: ax³ + bx² + cx + d = 0.

Cubic, of or pertaining to → cube; → equation.

A function defined by a → polynomial of → degree three. Its generalized form is: f(x) = ax³ + bx² + cx + d, where a, b, c and d are constants, and a≠ 0.

→ cubic; → function.

To reach the highest point above an observer's horizon; to attain → culmination.

From L.L. culminatus, p.p. of culminare "to exalt," from L. culmen "top, summit," cf. Gk. kolonos "hill," Skt. kuta- "top," Mod.Pers. kotal "hill," Lith. kalmas "mountain," P.Gmc. *khulnis Low Ger. hull "hill," E. hill; PIE base *kel- "to be high; hill."

Bâlestidan, verb from bâlest→ culmination.

The act of culminating or the instant at which a celestial object reaches its highest altitude above the horizon by crossing the observer's meridian. → upper culmination; → lower culmination.

Verbal noun of → culminate.

Bâlest, from Mid.Pers. bâlist "culmination point of a star; highest, summit," from bâlây "high" + -ist superlative suffix, Av. barəzišta- "highest," from barəz- "high, mount" (Skt. bhrant- "high," O.E. burg, burh "castle, fortified place," from P.Gmc. *burgs "fortress," Ger. Burg "castle," Goth. baurgs "city," E. burg, borough, Fr. bourgeois, bourgeoisie, faubourg; PIE base *bhergh- "high") + -išta- superlative suffix (Skt. -istha-, Gk. -istos, O.H.G. -isto, -osto, O.E. -st, -est, -ost).

1a) Enlightenment and sophistication acquired by a person or society through education, arts, letters, manners, and scholarly pursuits.
1b) The beliefs, customs, practices, and social behavior of a certain nation, people, or period.
2a) The growing of biological material (such as plants, microorganisms, animal tissue) for scientific study, medicinal use, etc.
2b) The product or growth resulting from such cultivation.

M.E., from M.Fr. culture from L. cultura "cultivation, agriculture; care; honoring," from p.p. stem of colere "to till, cultivate; inhabit; maintain; cherish, honor;" PIE *k^wel- "to move around;" cf. Av. car- "to move, go, walk," carāni "I would go," carāt "he would go;" Mid.Pers. car- "to pasture, graze," carag "pasture, grazing; flock;" Mod.Pers. caridan "to graze;" Skt. car- "to move, go, walk;" Gk. pelomai "to move."

1) Farhang "culture, education; dictionary," related to farhixtan "to educate," âhanjidan "to draw up;" Mid.Pers. frahang "education, instruction; knowledge," frahixtan, frahanjidan "to educate;" Av. fraθang- "to drive forward, to drive to," from frā-, fra- "forward, forth," → pro-, + θang-, θanj- "to draw, to pull."
2) Kešt past stem of keštan, variants kâštan, kâridan "to cultivate, to plant;" Mid.Pers. kištan, kâridan "to sow, plant; to make furrows;" Av. kar- "to strew seed, cultivate," kāraiieiti "cultivates;" cf. Skt. kar- "to scatter, strew, pour out."

To heap up; → amass; → accumulate.

From L. cumulatus "heaped, increased, augmented," p.p. of cumulare "to heap," from cumulus "mound, heap," from PIE *ku-m-olo-, from *keue- "to swell;" cf. Skt. śavi "to swell;" svayati "swells up, is strong;" Av. su-, sauu- "to bulge, swell up, increase;" Proto-Ir. *sauH- "to bulge, swell up, increase" (Cheung 2007, Pers. sud "gain, profit"); Gk. kuein "to swell;" Lith. saunas.

Kumidan, from kum, kumé "heap;" Hamedâni kumelé, kumelân "heap, pile, mound," kumé kardan "to accumulate;" Kurd. kom "pile, group," komel "society, organization," related to Pers. kud "heap" (Mid.Pers. kôt), Gilaki kô-pâ "warehouse, barn," kô-gâh "gathering site." In the Gilan province there are several localities with protruding positions that bear names with an initial kom- (such as komâcâl, komâdol, kumélé, komsâr, etc.); probably related to L. cumul-, as above; if confirmed, interestingly it relates to the PIE form *keue- in contrast with Proto-Ir. *sauH-, as above.