An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
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فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

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Number of Results: 62 Search : space
absolute space
  فضای ِ اوست   
fazâ-ye avast

Fr.: espace absolu   

A fixed space in which physical phenomena occur and whose properties do not depend on what occupies it, nor on the observer. It is a distinguished frame of reference that could show bodies to be truly moving or truly at rest. Absolute space is one of the basic assumptions of → Newtonian mechanics, but it was abandoned in Einstein's → special relativity. See also → absolute time; → space-time.

absolute; → space.

closed space
  فضایِ بسته   
fazâ-ye basté (#)

Fr.: espace fermé   

A bounded space the surface of which has the property that if one travels in any direction upon it without changing direction, one will end up back to the departure point. An example is a sphere. Triangles which lie on the surface of a closed space will have a sum of angles which is greater than 180°. An closed space has a positive → curvature. See also → closed Universe, → open space.

closed; → space.

compact space
  فضای ِ همپک   
fazâ-ye hampak

Fr.: espace compact   

A topological space for which every collection of open sets that covers the space has a finite subset that also covers the space.

compact; → space.

curvature of space-time
  خمیدگی ِ فضا-زمان   
xamidegi-ye fazâ-zamân (#)

Fr.: courbure de l'espace-temps   

According to → general relativity, → space-time is curved by the presence of → matter. The curvature is described in terms of → Riemann's geometry. In → cosmological models three types of curvature are considered: positive (spherical, → closed Universe), zero (Euclidean, → flat Universe), and negative (hyperbolic, → open Universe). See also → curvature constant.

curvature; → space-time.

Dawn spacecraft
  فضاناو ِ داؤن   
fazânâv-e Dawn

Fr.: sonde spatiale Dawn   

NASA's mission to explore the two largest objects in the → asteroid belt, the asteroid Vesta and the → dawarf planet Ceres, gathering data relating to their composition, internal structure, density and shape. Launched in September 2007, Dawn entered the orbit of → Vesta in July 2011 and spent 16 months there before leaving for → Ceres. It entered Ceres orbit on March 6, 2015. The Dawn spacecraft is made of aluminium and graphite composite, it has a dry mass of 747.1 kg and a mass of 1217.7 kg when fully fuelled prior to launch. The spacecraft is a box-shaped design measuring 1.64m × 1.27m × 1.77m. Dawn ran out of fuel on Nov. 1, 2018, but the spacecraft will continue to orbit Ceres for several decades.

dawn; → spacecraft.

Euclidean space
  فضای ِ اقلیدوسی   
fazâ-ye Oqlidosi

Fr.: espace euclidean   

A space in which the → distance between any two points is given by the → Pythagorean theorem: d2 = (Δx)2 + (Δy)2 + (Δz)2, where d is distance and Δx, Δy, and Δz are differential → Cartesian coordinates. Euclidean n-space Rn is the set of all column vectors with n real entries.

Euclidean; → space.

European Space Agency (ESA)
  سازمان ِ فضایی ِ اروپا   
Sâzmân-e Fazâyi-ye Orupâ

Fr.: Agence spatiale européenne   

An intergovernmental organisation dedicated to space research and technology as well as peaceful exploration of space, founded in 1975. It is headquartered in Paris and currently comprises 18 member states and one associated state (Canada). ESA has developed the Ariane series of space launch vehicles, and supports a launch facility in French Guiana. Moreover, ESA has four major research centers: The European Space Research and Technology Center (ESTEC), located in Noordwijk, the Netherlands, is the primary research center and manages the satellite projects. The European Space Operations Center (ESOC), situated in Darmstadt, Germany, is responsible for satellite control, monitoring, and data retrieval. The European Space Research Institute (ESRIN), located in Frascati, Italy, supports the ESA documentation service and manages the data obtained from remote sensing satellites. The European Astronaut Center (EAC), located in Cologne, Germany, is responsible for the selection and training of astronauts for space station missions. The European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), located in Villafranca del Castillo, Madrid, Spain, which holds scientific operations centres as well as archives. Some of the past ESA missions are the following ones. The Giotto space probe, which enabled examination of the core of → Halley's Comet in 1986. ESA also developed the Ulysses spacecraft (launched 1990) to explore the Sun's polar regions. Similarly, ESA established a system of meteorological satellites known as Meteosat. In 2003 ESA launched the Mars Express orbiter and its lander, Beagle 2. In 2009 ESA launched → Planck Satellite, that is designed to study the → cosmic microwave background, and the → Herschel Satellite, an infrared observatory that is the largest telescope in space.

European; → space; agency, from M.L. agentia, from L. ag-, root of agere, → act + -entia noun suffix.

Sâzmân, → organization; fazâyi adj. of fazâ, → space; Orupâ, → Europa.

evolved Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (eLISA)
  الیزا   
eLISA

Fr.: eLISA   

A space project, initially → LISA, consisting of a configuration of three satellites, aimed to detect low frequency → gravitational waves that cannot be measured by ground-based detectors. The detection range will be from about 0.1 milliHz to 1 Hz. One "mother" and two "daughter" spacecrafts will be brought into an orbit around the Sun, which is similar to the Earth's orbit. The satellites will fly in a near-equilateral triangle formation, with a constant distance of one million km between, following the Earth along its orbit at a distance of around 50 million km. The mother spacecrafts carries two and each of the daughter spacecraft carry one free-flying → test masses that will be kept as far as possible free of external disturbances. The mutual distances of the test masses from satellite to satellite will be measured by means of high-precision, → Michelson-like laser → interferometry. In this way, the extremely small distance variations between the test masses of two satellites can be detected which are caused by the passages of a gravitational waves. The required measurement accuracy of the distances amounts to typically 1/100 of the diameter of a hydrogen atom (10-12 m) at a distance of two million km.

evolve; → laser; → interferometer; → space; → antenna.

Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
  دوربین ِ فضایی ِ پرتوهای ِ گاما فرمی   
Durbin-e fazâyi-ye partowhâ-ye gâmâ Fermi

Fr.: Télescope spatial à rayons gamma Fermi   

A space observatory, formerly named GLAST, devoted to the study of → gamma rays emitted from astrophysical objects. Developed by NASA in collaboration with the U.S. Department of Energy, along with important contributions from academic institutions and partners in France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Sweden, and the United States, Fermi was launched on June 11, 2008. The main instrument, the Large Area Telescope (LAT), is an imaging → camera covering the energy range from about 20 → MeV to more than 300 → GeV. Such gamma rays are emitted only in the most extreme conditions, by particles moving very nearly at the → speed of light. The LAT's → field of view covers about 20% of the sky at any time, and it scans continuously, covering the whole sky every three hours. Another instrument, the Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) has a field of view several times larger than the LAT and provides → spectral coverage of → gamma-ray burst that extends from the lower limit of the LAT down to 10 → keV.

Fermi; → gamma ray; → space; → telescope.

Galileo spacecraft
  فضاناو ِ گالیله   
fazânâv-e Galileo

Fr.: sonde Galileo   

A space mission whose main goal was to explore → Jupiter and its moons and rings. The spacecraft was launched on October 19, 1989, arrived at Jupiter in December 1995. It disappeared on September 21, 2003, after eight years orbiting Jupiter, when mission controllers crashed it into → Jupiter's atmosphere. On December 7, 1995, Galileo's probe dived into Jupiter's atmosphere, and measured atmospheric pressure, density, and composition, and explored the planet's → radiation belts. Galileo had two parts: an orbiter and a descent probe that parachuted into Jupiter's atmosphere. The orbiter sent back hundreds of pictures of the four large → Galilean satellites of Jupiter (→ Io, → Europa, → Ganymede, and → Callisto). It made many discoveries during its eight years looping around Jupiter. It found evidence for layers of salt water below the surface on Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, and measured high levels of volcanic activity on Io. When → Shoemaker-Levy slammed into Jupiter in 1994, Galileo had the only direct view of the → comet striking Jupiter's atmosphere. Galileo determined that → Jupiter's rings are formed from dust hurled up by → meteorite impacts on planet's inner moons. Measurements by the orbiter's → magnetometer revealed that Io, Europa, and Ganymede have metallic cores, while Callisto does not. Also, Galileo discovered that Ganymede possesses its own → magnetic field; it is the first moon known to do so. The orbiter also found that the Galilean satellites all have thin atmospheres. During it's trip from Earth to Jupiter, Galileo passed by and studied two asteroids: → Gaspra in 1991 and → Ida in 1993, around which it discovered → Dactyl, the first moon orbiting an asteroid (windows2universe.org).

Galileo; → mission.

Hilbert space
  فضا‌ی ِ هیلبرت   
fazâ-ye Hilbert (#)

Fr.: espace de Hilbert, espace hilbertien   

A generalization of Euclidean space in a way that extends methods of vector algebra from the two- and three-dimensional spaces to infinite-dimensional spaces.
Multi-dimensional space in which the eigenfunctions of quantum mechanics are represented by orthogonal unit vectors.

Named after the German mathematician David Hilbert (1862-1943), recognized as one of the most influential mathematicians of the 19th and early 20th centuries for his numerous contributions to various areas of mathematics; → space.

Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
  دوربین ِ فضایی ِ هابل، تلسکوپ ِ ~ ~   
durbin-e fazâyi-ye Hubble, teleskop-e ~ ~ (#)

Fr.: télescope spatial de Hubble   

A telescope of 2.4 m in diameter, a joint NASA and ESA project, launched in 1990 into a low-Earth orbit 600 km above the ground. It was equipped with a collection of several science instruments that worked across the entire optical spectrum (from infrared, through the visible, to ultraviolet light). During its lifetime Hubble has become one of the most important science projects ever.

Hubble; → space; → telescope.

hyperbolic space
  فضای ِ هذلولی   
fazâ-ye hozluli (#)

Fr.: espace hyperbolique   

A three-dimensional space whose geometry resembles that of a saddle-shaped surface and is said to have negative curvature.

hyperbolic; → space.

image space
  فضای ِ وینه، ~ تصویر   
fazâ-ye vine, ~ tasvir

Fr.: espace image   

In an → optical system, the space defined by the totality of → image points. The corresponding points in image space and → object space are called → conjugate points.

image; → space.

Infrared Space Observatory (ISO)
  نپاهشگاه ِ فضایی ِ فروسرخ   
nepâhešgâh-e fazâyi-ye forusorx

Fr.: Satellite ISO   

A European Space Agency satellite which carried the most sensitive infrared telescope ever launched. It operated between November 1995 and April 1998 and made particularly important observations of the dusty regions of the Universe. ISO was equipped with four science instruments: an infrared camera (CAM), a long-wavelength spectrometer (LWS), a photo-polarimeter (PHT), and a short-wavelength spectrometer (SWS). The instruments jointly covered wavelengths from 2.5 to around 240 microns with spatial resolutions ranging from 1.5 arcseconds to 90 arcseconds. Its 60 cm diameter telescope was cooled by superfluid liquid helium to temperatures of 2-4 K. The mission was a great technical, operational and scientific success. During its routine operational phase, ISO successfully made some 30,000 individual imaging, photometric, spectroscopic, and polarimetric observations ranging from objects in our own solar system to the most distant extragalactic sources.

infrared; → space; → observatory.

interplanetary space
  فضای ِ اندرسیاره‌ای   
fazâ-ye anadrsayyâre-yi

Fr.: espace interplanétaire   

Same as → interplanetary medium.

interplanetary; → space.

James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)
  دوربین ِ فضایی ِ جیمز وب، تلسکوپ ~ ~ ~   
durbin-e fazâyi-ye James Webb, teleskop ~ ~ ~

Fr.: Télescope spatial James Webb   

A large, infrared space telescope with a mirror 6.55 m in diameter, scheduled for launch in 2018. JWST's instruments will work primarily in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum, with some capability in the visible range (0.6 to 28 μm). The scheduled instruments are Near IR Camera (NIRCam, field of 2.2 x 4.4 arcmin, wavelength range 0.6-5 μm), Near IR Spectrograph (NIRSpec, 3.5 x 3.5 arcmin, 0.6-5 μm, resolving powers of ~ 100, ~1000, and ~3000), Mid IR Instrument (MIRI, 1.4 x 1.9 arcmin, 5-27 μm, R ~ 3000), and Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS, 2.3 x 2.3 arcmin, 0.6-5 μm, R ~ 100). The successor to the → Hubble Space Telescope will be placed in an orbit about 1.5 million km from the Earth, at the → Lagrangian point L2. The JWST project is a → NASA-led international collaboration with the → European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency. The scientific goals of JWST can be grouped under four broad topics: first light after the Big Bang; galaxy formation; birth of stars and protoplanetary systems; and planetary systems and the origins of life.

Named in honor of James E. Webb (1906-1992), who headed NASA from 1961 to 1968, overseeing all the manned launches in the Mercury through Gemini programs, until before the first manned Apollo flight; → space; → telescope.

Kepler spacecraft
  تلسکوپ ِ فضایی ِ کپلر   
teleskop-e fazâyi-ye Kepler

Fr.: télescope spatial de Kepler   

A → NASA space telescope launched in March 2009 to discover Earth-size planets using the → transit method. The telescope has a diameter of 0.95 m and its only instrument is a → photometer that continuously monitors the brightness of over 145,000 → main sequence stars in a fixed field of view of 115 deg2 (about 12° diameter). The expected mission lifetime is 3.5 years extendible to at least 6 years.

In honor of Johannes → Kepler; → spacecraft.

Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA)
  آنتن ِ فضایی ِ اندرزنش‌سنج ِ لیزری   
ânten-e fezâyi-e andarzanešsanj-e leyzeri

Fr.: Observatoire d'ondes gravitationnelles par interférométrie laser   

A collaborative project between → NASA and → ESA to develop and operate a space-based gravitational wave detector sensitive at frequencies between 0.03 mHz and 0.1 Hz. LISA detects gravitational-wave induced strains in → space-time by measuring changes of the separation between fiducial masses in three spacecraft 5 million km apart. Ultimately, NASA and ESA decided in 2011 not to proceed with the mission. LISA was not the highest ranked mission in the 2010 Decadal Survey and funding constraints prevented NASA from proceeding with multiple large missions (http://lisa.nasa.gov). → LISA pathfinder.

laser; → interferometer; → space; → antenna.

MESSENGER spacecraft
  فضاناو ِ مسنجر   
fazânâv-e MESSENGER

Fr.: sonde MESSENGER   

A NASA robotic spacecraft that orbited the planet → Mercury for more than four years, between 2011 and 2015. Among its accomplishments, the mission determined Mercury's surface composition, revealed its geological history, discovered details about its internal magnetic field, and verified its polar deposits are dominantly water-ice. → Mercury's tail.

Messenger, short for "MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging", a reference to the → messenger god Mercury from Roman mythology; → spacecraft.


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