An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
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فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

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Number of Results: 32 Search : off
alpha offset
  اپنه ِ آلفا   
apneh-e Âlfâ

Fr.: offset en ascension droite   

A short distance from the target, in right ascension, where the telescope is pointed for various purposes.

alpha; → offset.

bias offset
  اپنه ِ ورک   
apneh-e varak

Fr.: biais   

In → CCD detectors, same as → bias and → offset.

bias; → offset.

Birkhoff's theorem
  فربین ِ بیرکهوف   
farbin-e Birkhoff

Fr.: théorème de Birkhoff   

For a four dimensional → space-time, the → Schwarzschild metric is the only solution of → Einstein's field equations which describes the gravitational field created by a spherically symmetrical distribution of mass. The theorem implies that the gravitational field outside a sphere is necessarily static, and that the metric inside a spherical shell of matter is necessarily flat.

The theorem was first demonstrated in 1923 by George David Birkhoff (1884-1944), an American mathematician; → theorem

Christoffel symbol
  نماد ِ کریستوفل   
namâd-e Christoffel (#)

Fr.: symbole de Christoffel   

A abbreviated notation for various functions associated with quadratic differential forms. Each Christoffel symbol is essentially a triplet of three indices, i, j and k, where each index can assume values from 1 to 2 for the case of two variables, or from 1 to n in the case of a quadratic form in n variables. Christoffel symbols appear in many calculations in geometry where non-Cartesian coordinates are used. These symbols are fundamental in the study of tensor analysis.

Named after Elwin Bruno Christoffel (1829-1900), a German mathematician; → symbol.

cutoff
  بره   
boré

Fr.: coupure   

1) A designated limit beyond which the passage of something must be stopped.
2) A device that cuts off a transmission of photons.

cut; → off.

Boré, from bor- present stem of boridan "to → cut" + noun suffix .

cutoff filter
  پالایه‌ی ِ بره   
pâlâye-ye boré

Fr.: filtre à coupure   

Filter rejecting all light with wavelengths on one side of the cutoff wavelength.

cutoff; → filter.

cutoff voltage
  ولتاژ ِ بره   
voltâž-e boré

Fr.: tension de coupure   

The electrode voltage which reduces the value of a dependent variable, e.g. anode current, to a specified low value.

cutoff; → voltage.

cutoff wavelength
  موج-طول ِ بره   
mowj-tul-e boré

Fr.: longueur d'onde de coupure   

Wavelength at which the transmittance of a filter, or the detectivity of a detector, has fallen to one-half its peak value.

cutoff; → wavelength.

delta offset
  اپنه ِ دلتا   
apneh-e deltâ

Fr.: offset en déclinaison   

A short distance from the target, in → declination, where the → telescope is pointed for various purposes.

delta; → offset.

Fanaroff-Riley Class I (FR-I)
  رده‌ی ِ فاناروف-رایلی I   
rade-ye Fanarof-Riley I

Fr.: Fanaroff-Riley de type I   

In the → Fanaroff-Riley classification, sources with RFR < 0.5. Fanaroff and Riley (1974) found that nearly all sources with luminosity L(178MHz) ≤ 2 × 1025h100-2 W Hz-1 sr-1 were of class I. FR-I → radio jets are thought to be → subsonic, possibly due to mass entrainment, which makes them amenable to distortions in the interaction with the ambient medium.

Fanaroff-Riley classification; → class.

Fanaroff-Riley Class II (FR-II)
  رده‌ی ِ فاناروف-رایلی II   
radeh-ye Fanarof-Riley II

Fr.: Fanaroff-Riley de type II   

In the → Fanaroff-Riley classification, → radio sources with hotspots in their lobes at distances from the center which are such that RFR > 0.5. The → radio jets in FR-II sources are expected to be highly → supersonic, allowing them to travel large distances.

Fanaroff-Riley classification; → class.

Fanaroff-Riley classification
  رده‌بندی ِ فاناروف-رایلی   
radebandi-ye Fanaroff-Riley

Fr.: classification Fanaroff-Riley   

A classification scheme for distinguishing a → radio galaxy from an → active galaxy based on their → radio frequency  and → luminosity and their kpc-scale appearance. Analyzing a sample of 57 radio galaxies from the → 3CR catalogue, which were clearly resolved at 1.4 GHz or 5 GHz, Fanaroff & Riley (1974) discovered that the relative positions of regions of high and low → surface brightness in the → lobes of extragalactic → radio sources are correlated with their radio luminosity. They divided the sample into two classes using the ratio RFR of the distance between the regions of highest surface brightness on opposite sides of the central galaxy or quasar, to the total extent of the source up to the lowest brightness contour in the map. → Fanaroff-Riley Class I (FR-I) , → Fanaroff-Riley Class II (FR-II). The boundary between the two classes is not very sharp, and there is some overlap in the luminosities of sources classified as FR-I or FR-II on the basis of their structures. The physical cause of the FR-I/II dichotomy probably lies in the type of flow in the → radio jets.

Bernard L. Fanaroff and Julia M. Riley, 1974, MNRAS 167, 31P; → classification.

GZK cutoff
  بره‌ی ِ گریسن-زاتسپین-کوزمین   
bore-ye Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin

Fr.: limite de Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin   

Same as → Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin cutoff.

Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin cutoff.

Kirchhoff's law
  قانون ِ کیرشهوف   
qânun-e Kirchhoff (#)

Fr.: loi de Kirchhoff   

The radiation law which states that at thermal equilibrium the ratio of the energy emitted by a body to the energy absorbed by it depends only on the temperature of the body.

Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824-1887), a German physicist who made major contributions to the understanding of electric circuits, spectroscopy, and the emission of black-body radiation from heated objects; → law.

main-sequence turnoff
  رهگشت ِ رشته‌ی ِ فریست   
rahgašt-e rešte-ye farist

Fr.: tournant final de la séquence principale   

The point on the → Hertzsprung-Russell diagram of a star cluster at which stars begin to leave the → main sequence and move toward the → red giant branch. The main-sequence turnoff is a measure of age. In general, the older a star cluster, the fainter the main-sequence turnoff. Same as → turnoff point.

main sequence; → turnoff.

off
  دور از، بر، جدا، ...   
dur az, bar, jodâ, ...

Fr.:   

(adverb & preposition) From a place or position; at a distance in space or time. So as to be separated from support.

M.E., from O.E. of "away, away from;" cf. Du. af "off, down," Ger. ab "off, from, down;" PIE *apo- "off, away," → apo-.

off-
  اپ-   
ap-

Fr.: hors   

Away from a place.

off; cognate with Av. and O.Pers. apā "away from, from," as below.

Ap-, from apâ-, from Av. and O.Pers. apā "away from, from;" cf. Skt. apa "away, off;" L. ab- "from, away;" Hittite appa; Gothic af-; Ger. ab-; E. of, as above; PIE base *apo- "off, away"

off-axis optical system
  راژمان ِ نوریک ِ اپ-آسه   
râžmân-e nurik-e ap-âsé

Fr.: système optique hors axe   

An → optical system in which the → optical axis of the → aperture is not coincident with the mechanical center of the aperture.

off; → axis; → optical; → system.

off-line
  اپ-تان، اپ-خط   
ap-tân, ap-xatt

Fr.:   

Of computers, operating independently of, or disconnected from, an associated computer.

off; → line.

off-source observation
  نپاهش ِ اپ-خن   
nepâheš-e ap-xan

Fr.: observation hors source   

An observation when the telescope is pointed away from the source in order to measure the sky background contribution.

off-; → source; → observation.

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