An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
English-French-Persian

A branch of mathematics that deals with the calculation of the probabilities of events.

→ calculus; → probability.

Afmârik, → calculus; šavânâihâ, plural of šavânâi→ probability.

The application of → Cauchy's theorem to compute residues and poles, evaluate contour integrals, sum infinite series, and carry out related calculations.

→ calculus; → residue.

The branch of mathematics dealing with the differentiation of tensors.

→ calculus; → tensor.

Afmârik, → calculus; → tensor.

The study of maximum and minimum properties of → definite integrals.

→ calculus; → variation.

Afmârik, → calculus; varteš→ variation.

The area of calculus dealing with differentiation and integration of vector-valued functions; a sub-area of tensor calculus.

→ calculus; → vector.

Afmârik, → calculus; bordâr, → vector.

A large, roughly circular, → crater with diameter at least three or four times depth on the summit or in the side of a → volcano. A caldera can form from a volcanic blast or the collapse of a volcanic cone into an emptied → magma chamber.

From Sp. caldera "cauldron, kettle," also name of a crater on Canary Islands, from L. caldarius "of warming," from calidus "warm, hot," → calorie.

Tiyân "large cauldron; cauldron used for warming water in a communal bathhouse," of unknown origin.

A collection of 109 impressive celestial objects compiled for amateur astronomers. These objects (→ star clusters, → nebulae, → supernova remnants, and → galaxies), selected from the → New General Catalog and the → Index Catalog, are not present in the → Messier catalog.

Named after Patrick Caldwell Moore (1923-2012), English amateur astronomer, who compiled the catalog in 1995; → catalog.

1) Any of various systems for measuring and recording the passage of time by dividing the year into days, weeks, and months.
2) A table showing the months, weeks, and days in at least one specific year.
→ chronology.

M.E. calender, from O.Fr. calendier, from L. calendarium "account book," from kalendae "calends" the first day of the Roman month, from calare "to announce solemnly, call out," as the priests did in proclaiming the new moon that marked the calends, from PIE base *kele- "to call, shout" (cf. Skt. usakala "cock," lit. "dawn-calling;" Gk. kaleo "to call," kelados "noise," kledon "report, fame;" O.H.G. halan, O.N. kalla "to call;" O.E. hlowan "to low;" Lith. kalba "language").

Gâhšomâr, gâhšomâri, gâhmâr from gâh "time," Mid.Pers. gâh, gâs, + šomâr, mâr "reckoning," → calculate.
Sâlnâmé, from sâl, → year, + nâmé "a writing, letter, book."

A period of 24 hours, from one midnight to the following midnight.

→ calendar; → day.

One of the periods into which a calendar is divided, ordinarily 12, but in earlier systems 10 (the first Roman calendar under Romulus) or 13 (ancient Iranian calendar using a month intercalation).

→ calendar; → month.

The time interval between the new year's day in a given calendar system and the day before the following new year's day. In the Gregorian system the calendar year begins on January 1 and ends on December 31. In the Iranian calendar it begins on Farvardin 1, the day closest to the spring equinox and ends on Esfand 29 or 30.

→ calendar; → year.

1) Young of a bovine animal. See also → calve, → glacier calving.
2) The fleshy part of a person's → leg below the → knee.

M.E., from O.E. cealf, calf, cognate with M.Du. calf, Ger. Kalb, Gothic kalbo.

1) Gug (Dehxodâ), variant gog "calf;" probably from Proto-Ir. *gao-ka "baby cow, little caow," from *gao- "cow, bull," → cow, + suffix -*ak.
Gusâlé, literally "young in years," from gu, → cow, + sâl, → year.
2) Poviz, from Laki poviz "calf," may be ultimately from *povik, from *pov variant of pâ "leg, → foot" + suffix-ik, → -ics; cf. Ilâmi, Nahâvandi piz "the leg calf."

To adjust or determine, by comparison with a standard, the response magnitude of a measuring instrument as a function of the input signal. For example, to determine line wavelengths in the spectrum of an astronomical object, or to graduate a hygrometer.

From M.Fr. calibre, via Sp. or It., from Ar. qalib "a mold, last," perhaps from Gk. kalopodion "a shoemaker's last," from kalon "wood" + podos gen. of pous "foot."

Kabizidan, verbal form of kabiz (varianats kaviz, kaviž, kafiz) "a measure for grain, a bushel," from Mid.Pers. kabiz "a grain measure," loaned in Arm. kapic "a grain measure," and in Gk. kapithe, as attested in Xenophon.

1) The act or process of calibrating or the state of being calibrated.
2) A set of graduations that show positions or values.

Calibration, noun from → calibrate.

Kabizeš, noun from kabizidan, → calibrate.

An empirical curve obtained through appropriate exposures in order to determine the instrument's response. For example, a curve allowing the conversion of relative intensities of an observed object into absolute fluxes, or a curve relating the detector's pixel positions to wavelengths.

→ calibration; → curve.

A systematic error in the constant values to be applied to a measuring instrument.

→ calibration; → error.

Irang, → error; kabizeš, → calibration.

An exposure obtained with an instrument mounted on the telescope using an artificial illuminating source in order to calibrate the instrument.

→ calibration; → exposure.

Nurdâd, → exposure; kabizeš, → calibration.

A lamp used for instrument calibration, such as an internal He-Ar arc for wavelength calibration or an external source of light placed in the telescope dome for flat-field exposures.

→ calibration; lamp, from O.Fr. lampe, L. lampas, from Gk. lampas "torch, lamp, light, meteor," from lampein "to shine."

Kabizeš, → calibration; lâmp, from Fr., as above.

A general term for certain reference astronomical sources that allow determining the characteristics (magnitude, distance, velocity, etc.) of other sources. → primary calibrators, → secondary calibrators.

Calibrator, from → calibrate + → -or.

Kabizandé, agent noun from kabizidan, → calibrate.

1a) To cry out in a loud voice; shout.
1b) To command or request to come; summon.
1c) To speak loudly, as to attract attention; shout; cry.
2) To name or address (someone) as.
3a) A cry or shout.
3b) The cry or vocal sound of a bird or other animal (Dictionary.com)

M.E. callen, from O.Norse kalla "to call out," cognate with M.Du. kallen "to talk," O.H.G. kallon "to shout," akin to O.E. -calla "herald," Irish gall "swan," O.C.S. glasu "voice".

Žâridan, from žâr, from Oroshori (or Roshorvi) žâr-/žart- "to sound, ring," cognate with Parachi jâr "to say," Ossetic gær, qær "noise, shout," other cognates in Per. âžir "cry, call", qâl, qil "noise, brouhaha," jâr "cry, call", žaqâr, zaqâr "cry, call", payqâre "blame, reproval," gerâmi "dear, beloved," ultimately from Proto-Ir. *uz-garH-, from *garH- "to call, greet," which has also given rise to Av. âγar- "to greet," akin to Skt. garⁱ "to praise, welcome;" L. gratis "welcome;" PIE root g^werH- "to praise, to say."