An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
English-French-Persian

The change in the → spectrum of → electromagnetic radiation due to → scattering from → electrons. When → photons and electrons coexist in the same volume of space, their → collisions can → transfer energy from photons to electrons (→ Compton effect) or from electrons to photons (→ inverse Compton effect).

Verbal noun of → Comptonize; → -tion.

The verb describing the → Camptonization process.

→ Compton; → -ize.

Emission undergone → Comptonization.

→ Comptonize; → emission.

The action or state of forcing or being forced to do something; constraint (OxforddDctionaries.com).

M.E., from O.Fr. compulsion, from L. compulsion-, noun of action from past-participle stem of compellere, → compel.

Verbal noun from vâdâridan, vâdâr kardan, → compel.

Required by law or a rule; obligatory; involving or exercising compulsion; coercive (OxforddDctionaries.com).

From M.L. compulsorius, from L. compulsus, p.p. of compellere, → compel.

Adjective from vâdâreš, vâdârkard, → compulsion.

The act, process, or method of calculating.

Verbal noun of → compute.

To determine by calculation, especially by numerical methods; to determine by using a computer or calculator. See also → calculate.

From Fr. computer, from L. computare "to count, sum up," from → com- "with" + putare "to prune, clean, settle an account, think over, reflect;" PIE base *pau- "to cut, strike, stamp."

Hesâbidan, from Ar. hesâb "reckoning, computation," + infinitive suffix -idan.

An electronic device which can accept data, apply a series of logical instructions rapidly, and supply the results of the processes as information.

From → compute + suffix → -er.

Râyângar "arranger, organizer," on the model of Fr. ordinateur according to which the electronic device arranges/organizes instructions and information. Râyângar, from râyân- stem of râyânidan "to regulate, set in order," from Mid.Pers. râyânīdan "to arrange, organize" + -gar agent suffix. Râyân-, from rây-, Mod.Pers. ârây-, ârâyeš, ârâyidan "to arrange, adorn," Mid.Pers. ârây-, ârâstan "to arrange, adorn;" O.Pers. rād- "to prepare," rās- "to be right, straight, true," rāsta- "straight, true" (Mod.Pers. râst "straight, true"); Av. rāz- "to direct, put in line, set," razan- "order;" Gk. oregein "to stretch out;" L. regere "to lead straight, guide, rule," p.p. rectus "right, straight;" Skt. rji- "to make straight or right, arrange, decorate;" PIE base *reg- "move in a straight line;" see also → direct.

A segment of self-replicating code planted illegally in a computer program, often to damage or shut down a system or network (Dictionary.com).

→ computer; → virus.

The process or state of computerizing.

→ computerize.

To control, perform, process, or store by means of or in an electronic computer or computers.

From → computer + verb forming suffix → -ize.

Of a surface, curving inward.

From L. concavus "hollow," from → com- intensive prefix + cavus "hollow;" PIE base *keu- "a swelling, arch, cavity."

Kâv "hollow," verb kâvidan (kâftan) "to dig; to examine, investigate," cf. L. cavus "hollow" (E. derivatives: cavity, concave, cave, excavate), Gk. koilos "hollow," Armenian sor; PIE *kowos "hollow."

A → diffraction grating ruled on a concave spherical mirror that eliminates chromatic aberration and transmits regions of the spectrum, such as the ultraviolet, which is not transmitted by glass lenses.

→ concave; → grating.

A lens which is thinner at the center than at the edges and diverges the light rays.

→ concave; → lens.

A mirror whose surface is curved inward and converges the light rays.

→ concave; → mirror.

A type of → convergent lens that is concave on one surface and convex on the opposite surface. Also called → meniscus lens. Meniscus lenses are used most often in conjunction with another lens to produce an optical system of a longer or shorter → focal length than the original lens.

→ concave; → convex; → lens.

To form a notion or idea of.

M.E., from O.Fr. conceivre, from L. concipere "to take fully, take in," → concept.

Verb from begert, → concept.

1) To bring or draw to a common center or point of union.
2) Of a solution, to make denser, stronger, or purer, esp. by the removal or reduction of liquid.

Verb with p.p. → concentrated.

1) Gathered together closely.
2) Made denser, purer.

Past participle of → concentrate.

1) Past participle of hammarkazidan, → concentrate.
2) Dabz "dense, thick, concentrated, coarse," variants dafzak and gabz; Av. bəzuuant- "thick, dense," bazah- "thickness, denseness;" Baluchi baz "thick, coarse;" Zazaki vezdin "oily, greasy" Ossetic bæzgin "thick, dense;" cf. Skt. bamh "to thicken, become dense;" Gk. pakhos "thickness, density;" PIE base b^heng^h- "to become/make dense, thick" (see Cheung 2007).

1) The act of concentrating or the state of being concentrated.
2) Chemistry: A measure of the amount of dissolved substance contained per unit of volume in a solution.

Verbal noun from → concentrate.