An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
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فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

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Number of Results: 13 Search : jet
astrophysical jet
  شان ِ اخترفیزیکی   
šân-e axtarfiziki

Fr.: jet astrophysique   

A very fast moving, → collimated beam of → ionized gas at high temperatures associated with most classes of compact objects that spin and/or accrete matter from their surroundings, such as → protostars, → X-ray binary systems, and, at a larger scale, with → active galactic nuclei, → gamma-ray bursts, and → quasars. In general, jet sources host → accretion disks and are associated with → magnetic fields. Astrophysical jets, despite their different physical scales and power, are morphologically very similar, suggesting a common physical origin. For example, in one extreme, → active galactic nuclei jets have typical sizes ≥ 106 pc, velocities near that of light c, and parent sources (→ massive black holes) with masses 106-9  Msun and luminosities ~ 1043-48Lsun; while in the other extreme, → young stellar objects jets have typical sizes ≤ 1 pc, velocities ≤ 10-3 c, and emerge from low mass protostars with masses ~ 1 Msun and luminosities (0.1-2 × 104Lsun. Jets play an important → feedback role in the evolution of their host systems. See also: → jet launching.

astrophysical; → jet.

bipolar jet
  شان ِ دوقطبی   
šân-e doqotbi

Fr.: jet bipolaire   

One of two beams of high-temperature, ionized gas ejected in two opposite directions associated with a → protostar. The collimated jets, a consequence of the → accretion process, can extend over distances of several → light-years.

bipolar; → jet.

blue jet
  شان ِ آبی   
šân-e âbi

Fr.: jet bleu   

A transient optical phenomenon in the → stratosphere that emerges from the tops of → thunderstorm clouds at tremendous speeds. As their name implies, blue jets are optical ejections from the top of the electrically active core regions of thunderstorms. Following their emergence, they typically propagate upward in narrow cones at vertical speeds of roughly 100 km/s, fanning out and disappearing at heights of about 40-50 km. See also → sprite; → elve.

blue; → jet.

collimated jet
  شان ِ همراستا   
šân-e hamrâstâ

Fr.: jet collimaté   

A beam of particles in which every particle would have exactly the same direction of travel, thereby the jet moves without → dispersion. Collimated jets of → plasma are associated with → protostars.

collimated; → jet.

jet
  ۱، ۲، ۳) اِشان، شان؛ ۴) جت   
1, 2, 3) ešân, šân; 4) jet

Fr.: jet   

1) A stream of a liquid, gas, or small solid particles forcefully shooting forth from a nozzle, orifice, etc.
2) Fountain-like formations of gas and/or dust gushing out from compact regions of some astronomical objects. → astrophysical jets.
3) Meteo.: A common abbreviation for → jet stream.
4) Shortened of → jet plane.

Jet, from M.Fr. jeter "to throw," from V.L. *jectare, alter. of L. jactare, from jac- "throw" + -t- frequentative suffix + -are infinitive suffix; PIE base *ye- "to do" (cf. Gk. hienai "to send, throw;" Hittite ijami "I make").

Ešân, from ešândan, → eject; šân contraction of ešân.

jet engine
  موتور ِ شانی   
motor-e šâni

Fr.: turboréacteur   

An → engine that works by taking in air at the front and expelling exhaust gases at the rear so that the reaction to this exhaust propels the vehicle forward.

jet; → engine.

jet launching
  پرتاب ِ شان   
partâb-e šân

Fr.: lancement de jet   

The mechanism whereby → astrophysical jets are thrown out of → accretion disks . Observed correlations between emission from the accretion disk and from the jet provide evidence that the jets are launched from the disks directly. As the energy emitted from the jets is a → synchrotron radiation, the presence of a → magnetic field is deduced for the ejection. The most promising model for such "accretion-ejection" structures is based on a scenario where a large-scale magnetic field threads an accretion disk. This model, using a → magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) approach, shows that the magnetic field can azimuthally brake the matter inside the disk (carrying off → angular momentum allowing accretion) and accelerate matter above the disk surface. The → collimation of the flow is achieved via → magnetic tension due to the presence of a → toroidal component of the magnetic field. The magnetic field provides an effective alternative to the radially outward transport of disk angular momentum by → viscosity. The interaction of the magnetic structure with the disk plasma can create a MHD → Poynting flux leaving the disk along the magnetic surface. This energy flux can then be converted into → kinetic energy of the matter within the jet. Because the → mass density in the jet is smaller than in the disk, it is thereby possible to reach high → terminal velocities for a given amount of angular momentum removed from the disk (Casse & Keppens, 2002, ApJ 581, 988, and references therein).

jet; → launch; → -ing.

jet plane
  جت، هواپیما‌ی ِ ~   
jet (#), havâpeymâ-ye ~ (#)

Fr.: avion à réaction   

An airplane moved by → jet propulsion.

jet; plane, short for airplane, from Fr. aeroplane, from aero-, → air, + plane feminine of plan "flat, level," from L. planus, perhaps by association with forme plane; apparently coined and first used by Fr. sculptor and inventor Joseph Pline in 1855.

jet; havâpeymâ "airplane," from havâ, → air, + peymâ "travelling; traveller," from peymudan, peymâyidan "to travel, traverse, pass over," from Mid.Pers. patmudan, paymudan "to measure (against)," from *pati-māya-. The first element *pati- "against, back" (cf. Mod.Pers. pâd- "against, contrary to;" Mid.Pers. pât-; O.Pers. paity "agaist, back, opposite to, toward, face to face, in front of;" Av. paiti; Skt. práti "toward, against, again, back, in return, opposite;" Pali pati-; Gk. proti, pros "face to face with, toward, in addition to, near;" PIE *proti). The second element from *mā- "to measure;" O.Pers./Av. mā(y)- "to measure;" cf. Skt. mati "measures," matra- "measure;" Gk. metron "measure;" L. metrum; PIE base *me- "to measure." Apart from peymâ, several other terms in Mod.Pers. are related to this second element, which occurs also as mun, mân, man, mâ, mu, and mây: pirâmun "perimeter," âzmun, âzmây- "test, trial," peymân "measuring, agreement," peymâné "a measure; a cup, bowl," man "a measure weighing forty seers)," nemudan, ne- "to show, display," âdan, âmây- "to prepare."

jet propulsion
  پیشرانش ِ شانی   
pišrâneš-e šâni

Fr.: propulsion par réaction   

Powerful, forward thrust that results from the rearward expulsion of a jet of fluid, especially propulsion by jet engines.

jet; → propulsion.

jet stream
  رابه‌ی ِ شانی   
râbe-ye šâni

Fr.: jet stream   

Meteo.: An area of relatively strong winds that are concentrated in a narrow band in the upper troposphere of the middle latitudes and subtropical regions of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

jet; → stream.

optical jet
  شان ِ نوری   
šân-e nuri

Fr.: jet optique   

An → astrophysical jet which is visible in the optical range of the electromagnetic radiation.

optical; → jet.

protostellar jet
  شان ِ پورواستاره‌ای   
šÃ¢n-e purvâsetâre-yi

Fr.: jet protostellaire   

A high-velocity and highly → collimated jet associated with the earliest phase of → star formation that propagating along the polar axis of the → protostar-→ accretion disk system. Protostellar jets are usually detected in the [S II], [O I], and Hα lines and are therefore referred to as optical jets. They may have more than a parsec in length. Their formation is related to the → magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) of accretion disks. These jets are detected in protostellar sources over a wide range of masses, from the very early stages of formation (sources associated with infalling envelopes whose mass exceeds that of the growing star) all the way to the → classical T Tauri stars, whose envelopes have already dispersed. This phenomenon is thought to play a key role in regulating the star formation process by removing the excess → angular momentum of disk material and enabling matter to flow toward the center. Protostellar winds also provide an important → feedback mechanism between the forming star and the surrounding medium, to which they return mass and energy. Protostellar jets are at the origin of → bipolar outflows. The et sweeps up ambient → molecular cloud material into two thin shells, which manifest themselves as the observed bipolar lobes of → carbon monoxide (CO) emission. Once the molecular cloud material has been swept away (on a timescale of 105 years), the bipolar outflow disappears, leaving the protostellar jet to erratically fire away for a further 106-107 years.

protostellar; → jet.

radio jet
  رادیو-شان، شان ِ رادیویی   
radio-šân, šân-e râdioyi

Fr.: jet radio   

An → astrophysical jet appearing in the radio wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum.

radio; → jet.