An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
English-French-Persian

فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

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radiocarbon
  پرتو-کربون   
partow-karbon

Fr.: radiocarbone   

A → radioactive → isotope of → carbon, especially → carbon-14.

radio; → carbon

radiocarbon dating
  سن‌یابی ِ پرتو-کربونی   
senn yâbi-ye partow-karboni

Fr.: datation au radiocarbone   

A radioactive dating technique, applied to organic materials, which measures the content of the radioactive isotope of carbon 14C. The radioactive carbon isotopes created by the impact of cosmic rays with the nitrogen atoms of the atmosphere find their way, via carbon dioxide and photosynthesis, into living material. When an organic material dies it ceases to acquire further 14C atoms, and its 14C fraction declines at a fixed exponential rate due to the radioactive decay of 14C. Comparing the remaining 14C fraction of a sample to that expected from atmospheric 14C allows the age of the sample to be estimated.

radiocarbon; → dating.

radionuclide
  پرتو-هسته‌وار   
partow-hastevâr

Fr.: radionucléide   

A radioactive → nuclide.

radio + → nuclide.

radiosonde
  رادیو-گمانه   
râdio gomâné

Fr.: sonde radio   

A meteorological instrument that is carried aloft by a balloon to measure and send back information on atmospheric temperature, pressure, and humidity via radio to a ground receiving system.

radio + sonde, from Fr. sonde "sounding line."

radio; gomâné "a probe, a shaft sunk in order to ascertain the depth of the water when making a subterraneous canal," from Proto-Iranian *vi-mā-, from vi- "apart, away from, out" (cf. Av. vi-; O.Pers. viy- "apart, away;" Skt. vi- "apart, asunder, away, out;" L. vitare "to avoid, turn aside") + mā- "to measure" (cf. O.Pers./Av. mā(y)- "to measure;" Mod.Pers. mâ/mun/mân "measure," as in Pers. terms âz- "to test;" pirâmun "perimeter," âzmun "test, trial," peymân "measuring, agreement," peymâné "a measure; a cup, bowl;" PIE base *me- "to measure;" cf. Skt. mati "measures," matra- "measure;" Gk. metron "measure;" L. metrum).

radius of gyration
  شعاع ِ لرش   
šo'â'-e lereš

Fr.: gyrorayon   

Same as → Larmor radius.

radius; → gyration.

radon
  رادون   
râdon (#)

Fr.: radon   

A gaseous radioactive chemical element; symbol Rn. Atomic number 86; mass number of most stable isotope 222; melting point about -71°C; boiling point -61.8°C. Radon was discovered in 1900 by the German chemist Friedrich Ernst Dorn and it was first isolated in 1910 by the Scottish chemist William Ramsay and the English chemist Robert Whytlaw-Gray. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 3.8 day.

The name indicates its origin from → radium. It had first been called radium emanation or just emanation (with chemical symbol Em) because it was a decay product of radium. Ramsay subsequently suggested the name "niton" (with chemical symbol Nt), which means "shining" in Latin. It was finally changed to radon in 1923.

random thermal motion
  جنبش ِ گرمایی ِ کاتوره   
jonbeš-e garmâyi-ye kâturé

Fr.: mouvement thermique aléatoire   

The agitated motion of molecular, atomic, or → subatomic particles in all possible directions at any temperature, except at → absolute zero, where → thermal motion would cease.

random; → thermal; → motion.

randomization
  کاتورش   
kâtureš (#)

Fr.: aléation   

Arrangement of data in such a way as to simulate chance occurrence.

Verbal noun of → randomize.

Rankine-Hugoniot conditions
  بوتارهای ِ رانکین-هوگونیو   
butârhâ-ye Rankine-Hugoniot

Fr.: conditions de Rankine-Hugoniot   

Hydrodynamics → conservation laws (which can be extended to → magnetohydrodynamics, MHD) which describe the physical conditions of material across a → shock front. A fluid is completely described by its velocity, density, pressure, specific heat ratio, and magnetic field (in the MHD case). Mass, momentum, and energy fluxes are conserved in the shock, leading to the Rankine-Hugoniot relations. Also called Rankine-Hugoniot jump conditions. See also → jump condition.

Named after William John Rankine, → Rankine scale, and Pierre Henri Hugoniot, → Hugoniot curve; → condition.

rarefaction
  آلرش   
âlareš

Fr.: raréfaction   

The state of being rarefied, less dense.
An instantaneous reduction in density of a gas resulting from passage a sound wave; opposite of → compression.

M.E. rarefien, from M.Fr. rarefier, from L. rarefacere "make rare," from rarus "loose, wide apart, thin, infrequent."

Verbal noun from âlar present stem of âlaridanrarefy + , a suffix.

rarefaction wave
  موج ِ آلرش   
mowj-e âlareš

Fr.: onde de raréfaction   

A pressure wave in a fluid generated by rarefaction. It travels in the opposite direction to that of a shock wave in the medium.

rarefaction; → wave.

rational
  ۱) راینی، راینوار؛ ۲) خردانه، خردمندانه؛ ۳) وابری   
1) râyani, râyanvâr; 2) xeradâné, xeradmandâné; 3) vâbari

Fr.: rationnel   

1) Having or exercising the ability to → reason.
2) Consistent with or based on reason; logical; in accordance with sound reasoning.
3) Math.: Capable of being expressed as a quotient of integers.

M.E. racional, from O.Fr. racionel, from L. rationalis "of or belonging to reason, reasonable," from ratio (genitive rationis) "reckoning, calculation, reason," from rat-, pp. stem of reri "to reckon, calculate; consider, think."

1) Râyani, of or pertaining to râyan, → reason.
2) Xeradâné, xeradmandâné, of or pertaining to xerad "understanding, judgement, intellect, wisdom;" Mid.Pers. xrad "reason, intellect, intelligence, wisdom, understanding;" O.Pers. xraθu- "wisdom;" Av. xratu- "intelligence, undestanding, wisdom; will, purpose, council;" cf. Skt. krátu- "power, will-power;" Gk. kratos "power, strength."
3) vâbari, of or pertaining to vâbar, → ratio.

rational number
  عدد ِ وابری   
'adad-e vâbari

Fr.: nombre rationnel   

Any number that can be expressed as a ratio of two integers, providing the second number is not zero.

rational; → number.

rationale
  راینال   
râyanal

Fr.: raisonnement, exposé raisonné   

1) The fundamental reason or reasons serving to account for something.
2) A statement of reasons.
3) A reasoned exposition of principles (Dictionary.com).

L. neuter of rationalis.

Râyanâl, from râyan, → reason, + -âl, → -al.

rationalism
  راین‌باوری، خردباوری   
râyan-bâvari, xerad-bâvari

Fr.: rationalisme   

A philosophical doctrine that holds that → reason alone, unaided by experience, can arrive at basic truth regarding the world.

From → rational + -ism a Gk. suffix used in the formation of nouns denoting action or practice, state or condition, principles, doctrines, and so forth.

Râyan, → reason; xerad, → rational; bâvari, from bâvar "belief" (Mid.Pers. wâbar "beleif;" Proto-Iranian *uar- "to choose; to convince; to believe;" cf. Av. var- "to choose; to convince" varəna-, varana- "conviction, faith;" O.Pers. v(a)r- "to choose; to convince;" Skt. vr- "to choose," vara- "choosing").

Rayleigh's criterion
  سنجیدار ِ ریلی   
sanjidâr-e Rayleigh

Fr.: critère de Rayleigh   

A criterion for the instability of a basic swirling flow with an arbitrary dependence of angular velocity Ω(r) on the distance r from the axis of rotation. This states that in → inviscid fluids: Ω(r) < 0 for instability, where Ω = (1/r3) (d/dr)(r4Ω4).

Rayleigh; → criterion.

reaction
  واژیرش، واکنش   
vâžireš, vâkoneš

Fr.: réaction   

1) General: Action in response to some influence, event, stimulus.
2) An equal and opposite force exerted by a body against a force acting upon it. → principle of action and reaction.
3) A → nuclear reaction; → chain reaction.
4) → chemical reaction.

Verbal noun of → react.

reaction rate
  نرخ ِ واژیرش   
nerx-e vâžireš

Fr.: taux de réaction   

The speed with which a → chemical reaction takes place. In other words, the change in → concentration of a → substance divided by the → time interval during which the change is observed.

reaction; → rate.

real-time operation
  آپارش در زمان ِ هسیا   
âpâreš dar zamân-e hasyâ

Fr.: opération en temps réel   

The operation of a computer during the actual time that the related physical processes take place so that the results can be used to guide the physical processes.

real; → time; → operation.

reason
  ۱؛ ۲؛ ۳) راین؛ ۳) خرد؛ ۴) راینیدن   
1; 2; 3) râyan; 3) xerad; 4) râyanidan

Fr.: raison   

1) A basis or cause, as for some belief, action, fact, event, etc.
2) A statement presented in justification or explanation of a belief or action.
3) The mental powers concerned with forming conclusions, judgments, or → inferences especially in orderly rational ways.
Philo.: The intellectual ability to apprehend the truth cognitively, either immediately in intuition, or by means of a process of inference. See also → wisdom.
4) (v.) To think or argue in a logical manner; to form conclusions, judgments, or inferences from facts or premises.

M.E. resoun, reisun (n.), from O.Fr. reisun, reson, raison, from L. rationem (nom. ratio) "reckoning, understanding, motive, cause," from ratus, p.p. of reor, reri "to reckon, think;" cognate with Pers. râ, rây "reason," as below; O.C.S. raditi "to take thought, attend to," O.Ir. im-radim "to deliberate, consider."

Râyan, from rây + -an. The first component rây, râ "because of, by reason of," in barây-e "because of," cerâ "for what reason, why?," irâ "for this reason, therefore," zirâ "because, on account of;" also rây "opinion, consult;" râymand "reasonable, wise;" râyzan "a person whom one consults; wise;" Mid.Pers. râd, rây "because of, for the sake of, on behalf of;" O.Pers. "reason, cause," in rādiy "for this reason;" Av. rādah- "generosity, care, generous," rāsta- "to do right, to fit;" cf. Skt. rādh- "to succeed, be successful;" Gk. arithmos "number, amount;" L. ratio, as above; PIE base *rē-, *rə-. The second component -an a suffix as in rowzan, rowšan, suzan, rasan, zaqan, hâvan, etc.

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