An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
English-French-Persian

فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

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Number of Results: 1965 Search : ion
necessary and sufficient conditions
  بوتارهای ِ بایسته و بسنده   
butârhâ-ye bâyesté o basandé

Fr.: conditions nécessaire et suffisante   

If event A must occur for event B to occur, then it is said that A is → necessary for B. If event A may cause B but there could be some other cause as well, then it is said that A is sufficient to cause B. See also → if and only if (iff).

necessary; → and; → sufficient; → condition.

negation
  نایش   
nâyeš (#)

Fr.: négation   

1) The act of denying; → denial.
2) The absence or → opposite of something that is actual, positive, or affirmative.
3) A → negative statement, idea, doctrine; a contradiction, refutation, or rebuttal.
4) Logic: If p is a → proposition, then the statement "not p," denoted ¬ p, is the negation or opposite of p. If p is "It is sunny," then ¬ p is "It is not sunny." If p is → true, then ¬ p is → false, and vice versa.

Verbal noun of → negate.

negative correlation
  هم‌باز‌آنش ِ ناییدار   
hambâzâneš-e nâyidâr

Fr.: corrélation négative   

A correlation between two variables such that as one variable's values tend to increase, the other variable's values tend to decrease.

negative; → correlation.

negative polarization
  قطبش ِ ناییدار   
qotbeš-e nâyidâr

Fr.: polarisation négative   

A type of polarization in which the direction of polarization becomes reversed.

negative; → polarization.

nested function
  کریای ِ تو-در-تو   
karyâ-ye tu-dar-tu

Fr.: fonction imbriquée   

In computer programing, a function that is defined inside the definition of another function.

nested; → function.

nested multiplication
  بستایش ِ تو-در-تو   
bastâyeš-e tu-dar-tu

Fr.: multiplication imbriquée   

A method in the evaluation of polynomials which involves fewer basic operations and allows simpler computation, especially for polynomials of high degree. More specifically, the polynomial P(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + a3x3 + ... + anxn can be written in the nested form as: P(x) = a0 + x(a1 + x(a2 + ... + x(an - 1 + anx) ...)). For example, the polynomial P(x) = x3 - 5x2 + 10x - 3 has the following nested form: P(x) = ((x - 5)x + 10)x - 3. Same as the → Ruffini-Horner method.

nested; → multiplication.

neutralization
  نتارش   
natâreš

Fr.: neutralisation   

In optics, the process of combining two lenses having equal and opposite powers to produce a result having no power.

Verbal noun of → neutralize.

neutrino oscillation
  نوش ِ نوترینو   
naveš-e notrino

Fr.: oscillation des neutrinos   

The transition between neutrino types (→ neutrino flavor) which is a probabilistic consequence of → quantum mechanics. A neutrino, when produced, is in a quantum state which has three different masses. Therefore, an electron neutrino emitted during a reaction can be detected as a muon or tau neutrino. In other words, the flavor eigenstates are different from the propagation eigenstates. This phenomenon was discovered in → solar neutrinos as well as in → atmospheric neutrinos. Neutrino oscillation violates the conservation of the → lepton number; it is possible only if neutrinos have a mass. First predicted by Bruno Pontecorvo in 1957, neutrino oscillation has since been observed by several experiments. It resolved the long-standing → solar neutrino problem. The smaller the mass difference between the flavors, the longer the oscillation period, so that oscillations would not occur if all of the flavors were equal in mass or were massless. Moreover, the oscillation period increases with neutrino energy.

neutrino; → oscillation.

neutron emission
  گسیل ِ نوترون   
gosil-e notron (#)

Fr.: émission de neutrons   

A type of radioactive decay of atoms containing excess neutrons, in which a neutron is ejected from the nucleus.

neutron; → emission.

neutronization
  نوترونش   
notroneš

Fr.: neutronisation   

The reaction that transforms a → proton into a → neutron when a proton and an → electron are forced together to make a neutron: p + e-n + ν_e. In astronomy, this process occurs during the → core collapse of → massive stars which leads to the formation of → neutron stars.

neutron; → -ize; → -tion.

Newton's equation
  هموگش ِ نیوتن   
hamugeš-e Newton

Fr.: équation de Newton   

In → geometric optics, an expression relating the → focal lengths of an → optical system (f and f') and the object x and image x' distances measured from the respective focal points. Thus, ff' = xx'. Same as Newton's formula.

Newton; → equation.

Newton's first law of motion
  نخستین قانون ِ نیوتنی ِ جنبش   
naxostin qânun-e Newtoni-ye jonbeš (#)

Fr.: première loi newtonienne de mouvement   

A body continues in its state of constant velocity (which may be zero) unless it is acted upon by an external force.

Newton; → first; → law; → motion.

Newton's law of gravitation
  قانون ِ گرانش ِ نیوتن   
qânun-e gerâneš-e Newton

Fr.: loi newtonienne de la gravitation   

The universal law which states that the force of attraction between any two bodies is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them: F = G (m1.m2)/r2, where G is the → gravitational constant.

Newton; → law; → gravitation.

Newton's laws of motion
  قانونهای ِ جنبش ِ نیوتون   
qânunhâ-ye jonbeš-e Newton

Fr.: lois de mouvement de Newton   

The three fundamental laws which are the basis of → Newtonian mechanics. They were stated in Newton's Principia (1687). → Newton's first law, → Newton's second law , → Newton's third law.

Newton; → law; → motion.

Newton's second law of motion
  دومین قانون ِ نیوتنی ِ جنبش   
dovomin qânun-e Newtoni-ye jonbeš (#)

Fr.: seconde loi newtonienne de mouvement   

For an unbalanced force acting on a body, the acceleration produced is proportional to the force impressed; the constant of proportionality is the inertial mass of the body.

Newton; → second; → law; → motion.

Newton's third law of motion
  سومین قانون ِ نیوتنی ِ جنبش   
sevomin qânun-e Newtoni-ye jonbeš (#)

Fr.: troisième loi newtonienne de mouvement   

In a system where no external forces are present, every action force is always opposed by an equal and opposite reaction.

Newton; → third; → law; → motion.

Newtonian approximation
  نزدینش ِ نیوتنی   
nazdineš-e Newtoni

Fr.: approximation newtonienne   

A particular solution of the → general relativity when the → gravitational mass is small. The → space-time is then approximated to the → Minkowski's and this leads to → Newtonian mechanics.

Newtonian; → approximation.

Newtonian constant of gravitation
  پایای ِ گرانش ِ نیوتن   
pâyâ-ye gerâneš-e Newton

Fr.: constante de la gravitation newtonienne   

Same as the → gravitational constant.

Newtonian; → constant; → gravitation.

nodal regression
  پسرفت ِ گرهی   
pasraft-e gerehi

Fr.: regression nodale   

For a ring inclined to the planet's equator, the points at which the ring crosses the equator (nodes) slowly move around the planet (regress) in a direction opposite to that of the ring's orbital motion. (Ellis et al., 2007, Planetary Ring Systems, Springer).

nodal; → regression.

nomination
  نامنش   
nâmeneš

Fr.: nomination   

An act or instance of nominating, especially to office. The state of being nominated (Dictionary.com).

Verbal noun of → nominate.


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