An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
English-French-Persian

فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

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Draco Dwarf
  کوتوله‌ی ِ اژدها   
kutule-ye eždahâ

Fr.: Naine du Dragon   

A dwarf elliptical galaxy that is a satellite of our Galaxy and lies at a distance of about 250,000 light-years from the Galactic center. Its diameter is only about 3,500 light-years, and its absolute magnitude -8.6, making it the least luminous galaxy known.

Draco; → dwarf.

draconic month
  ماه ِ گوزهری، ~ ِ گرهی   
mâh-e gowzahri (#), ~ gerehi (#)

Fr.: mois draconitique   

The time interval between two successive passages of the Moon through its → ascending node, 27.212 220 days (27d 5h 5 m 35.8s). Draconic month is important for predicting → eclipses. Also called draconitic month, nodical month.

Draconic, adj. of dragon, → Draco, referring to a mythological dragon for the following reason. Since an eclipse occurs when the Earth, the Sun, and a node are aligned and moreover the Moon is situated near the node, it was believed that a dragon that resided in the node swallowed the Sun or the Moon. → month.

Mâh, → month.
Gowzahri, related to gowzahr, from Mid.Pers. gowzihr "a node of the lunar orbit" [gowzihr sar ("head") = ascending node, gowzihr dumb ("tail") = descending node], also the astrological dragon, from Av. gao-ciθra- "keeping in it the seed of the ox," epithet of the Moon, since according to Iranian mythology the Moon keeps the seed/sperm of bovine animals; from gao- "cow, ox, bull" (Mod.Pers. gâv, Skt. gaus-, Gk. bous "ox," Arm. kov, O.E. cu, PIE *gwou-) + ciθra- "origin, seed, lineage" (Mod.Pers. cehr "origin"). Gowzahr was loaned into Arabic astronomical texts as jawzahr.
Gerehi, adj. of gerehnode.

Draconids
  اژدهاییان   
eždahâiyân

Fr.: Draconides   

Two meteor showers with radiants in the constellation → Draco. One appears early in October and the other late in June.

Draconids, from → Draco constellation + → -ids suffix denoting "descendant of, belonging to the family of."

Eždahâyiyân, from eždahâ, → Draco, + -iyân-ids.

drag
  ۱) کره، ۲) وارانه؛ ۳) کریدن، کراندن   
1) kerré, 2) vârâné; 3) kerridan, kerrandan

Fr.: 1) traînée, entraînement; 2) traînée; 3) traîner   

1) General: The act of dragging or the state of being dragged.
2) Fluid mechanics: The → force that opposes the relative motion of an object through a → fluid. In → aeronautics, the component of aerodynamic force parallel to the relative wind tending to reduce the forward motion of the airplane. See also → lift; → thrust.
3) To pull or be pulled with force, especially along the ground or other surface.

From O.N. draga, O.E. dragan "to draw," from P.Gmc. *dragan "to draw, pull," from PIE base *dhragh- "to draw, drag on the ground" (cf. Skt. dhrajati "pulls, slides in," L. trahere "to pull," Rus. drogi "wagon."

Kerr, kerré, kerridan "drag," cf. Laki keronen, Hamadâni kerândan "to pull along, drag," Tâleši kernye, Tabari kərəš "to drag;" Lori, Hamadâni kerr "line, scratch;" related to Mid/Mod.Pers. kešidan, kašidan "to draw, protract, trail, drag, carry;" kâštan, keštan, kâridan "to cultivate, to plant, to make furrows;" Av. kar- "to strew seed, cultivate," kāraiieiti "cultivates," karš- "to draw (a furrow), till, plant;" cf. Skt. kar- "to scatter, strew, pour out," kars-, kársati "to pull, drag, plow;" Gk. pelo, pelomai "to move, to bustle;" PIE base kwels- "to plow."
Vârâné, from vâ-, opposition prefix, → de-, + râné, from rândan "to push, drive, cause to go" (causative of raftan "to go, walk, proceed," present tense stem row-, Mid.Pers. raftan, raw-, Proto-Iranian *rab/f- "to go; to attack").

Draine field
  میدان ِ درین   
meydân-e Draine

Fr.: champ de Draine   

A unit used to express the strength of → far ultraviolet (FUV) average → interstellar radiation field. It is equal to ~ 1.7 → Habing field.

Named after B. T. Draine, 1978, ApJS 36, 595.

Drake equation
  هموگش ِ دریک   
hamugeš-e Drake

Fr.: équation de Drake   

A probabilistic argument used to estimate the number of → intelligent, communicating → extraterrestrial civilizations in the → Milky Way galaxy. The Drake equation is:
N = R* . fp . ne . fl . fi . fc . L, where:
N = the number of → civilizations in our Galaxy with which → communication might be possible,
R* = the average rate of → star formation in our Galaxy,
fp = the fraction of those stars that have → planets,
ne = the average number of planets that can potentially support → life per star that has planets,
fl = the fraction of planets that could develop life at some point,
fi = the fraction of planets with life that actually go on to develop intelligent life,
fc = the fraction of civilizations that develop a technology that releases detectable signs of their existence into space,
L = the length of time for which such civilizations release detectable signals into space.
The first three terms of the equation have been successfully investigated by astronomers and are to some extent known. In contrast, values for the last four are very speculative. Drake himself estimates that N might be as high as 10,000. Carl Sagan was more optimistic, and came up with the value of a million or more for N. These estimates may be too optimistic. A pessimistic choice of parameters leads to N smaller than 1, which means that we might be the only technically sophisticated civilization in the Galaxy.

Frank Donald Drake (1930-); → equation.

dredge-up
  برونکشید   
borunkašid

Fr.: dragage, remontée   

A process by which the nucleosynthesis products inside a star are drawn to upper layers of the star. → first dredge-up; → second dredge-up; → third dredge-up.

From M.E. (Scots) dreg-, O.E. draeg- (in drægnet "dragnet"), akin to dragan "to draw" + up.

Birunkašid, past stem of birun kašidan, from birun "out, the outside" (Mid.Pers. bêron, from "outside, out, away" + rôn "side, direction," Av. ravan- "(course of a) river") + kašidan "to draw," Mid.Pers. kašitan, Av. karš- "to draw," Skt. kars-, kársati "to pull, drag, plough," Gk. pelo, pelomai "to be busy, to bustle."

Dresden codex
  نبیگان ِ درسدن   
nebigân-e Dresden (#)

Fr.: codex de Dresden   

A pre-Colombian Maya manuscript consisting of numerous calendar and astronomical data, probably dating from the 12th century. It seems that it is an updated copy of a document from the period of the old Maya Empire (4th-9th centuries). It contains a table which covers over 32 years, grouping 45 successive → lunations, divided into 69 groups of 5 or 6 lunations. The data are calculated in days and correspond remarkably to the intervals in an eclipse table: each group ends at the probable date of a solar eclipse (M.S.: SDE).

Dresden refers to the Dresden Library where the original document is preserved. It was bought in 1739 by the library director, Johann Christian Götze, who found it in a private library in Vienna. Its earlier history is unknown; codex, from L. codex earlier caudex "book, book of laws," literally "tree-trunk, book (formed originally from wooden tablets);" → codex.

drift
  ۱) دلک؛ ۲) دلکیدن   
1) delek; 2) delekidan

Fr.: 1) dérive; 2) dériver   

1a) General: A driving movement or force; impulse; impetus; pressure.
1b) Physics: A slight change of a quantity with time, for example the sensitivity of an electronic detector continuously operated during a long period as an effect of continued use.
1c) A slow change in frequency of a radio transmitter.
1d) Aerospace: The gradual deviation of a rocket or guided missile from its intended trajectory.
2) (v.intr.) To be carried along by currents of water or air, or by the force of circumstances.

From M.E. drift, from O.E. drifan "to drive," or from O.N. or M.Du. drift, from P.Gmc. *driftiz, related to *dribanan "to drive."

Delek from Lori, Laki, Hamadâni, Malâyeri "push, shove, drive;" variants Gilaki duko, Tâleši dako, Baluchi dhakkk(a) "push, shove, blow," Choresmian dh- "to hit," Kurd. dân/di- "to beat, hit," Proto-Iranian *daH- "to beat, hit, strike" (Cheung 2007); PIE base *dhen- "to hit, push;" delekidan, verb from delek.

drift curve
  خم ِ دلک   
xam-e delek

Fr.: courbe de passage   

In radio astronomy, the output response as a function of position for a given filter as the source passes through the beam.

drift; → curve.

drift rate
  نرخ ِ دلک   
nerx-e delek

Fr.: taux de dérive   

The amount of drift, in any of its several senses, per unit time.

drift; → rate.

drift velocity
  تندای ِ دلک   
tond-ye delek

Fr.: vitesse de dérive   

The average velocity of a charged particle in a plasma in response to an applied electric field.

drift; → velocity.

drive
  ۱) راندن؛ ۲) رانش، رانه   
1) rândan (#); 2) râneš (#), râné (#)

Fr.: 1) entraîner; 2) entraînement   

1a) To cause to move, to force to act. → continuum-driven wind, → dust-driven wind, → line-driven wind, → radiation-driven implosion, → radiation-driven mass loss, → radiation-driven wind.
1b) To cause and → guide the → motion of a → telescope.
2a) The act of driving.
2b) The → mechanism that imparts or transfers → power to a telescope so that it can move. → alpha drive, → delta drive, → drive accuracy, → slewing drive .

M.E. driven; O.E. drifan; cf. O.N. drifa, Goth. dreiban.

Rândan "to cause to go," causative of raftan "to go, walk, proceed" (present tense stem row-, Mid.Pers. raftan, raw-, Proto-Iranian *rab/f- "to go; to attack").

drive accuracy
  رشمندی ِ رانه   
rašmandi-ye râné

Fr.: précision de guidage   

The accuracy with which a telescope is moved by alpha or delta drives.

drive; → accuracy.

drizzle
  نرمه باران   
narmé bârân (#)

Fr.: bruine, crachin   

Very small, numerous, and uniformly distributed water drops that may appear to float while following air currents. Unlike fog droplets, drizzle falls to the ground.

Drizzle, dryseling "a falling of dew," from M.E. drysning, related to dreosan "to fall," cf. O.S. driosan, Goth. driusan.

Narmé bârân literally "smooth rain," from narmé, from narm "soft; smooth; mild," Mid.Pers. narm + bârân, → rain.

drop
  ۱) چکه؛ ۲) چکیدن   
1) cekké; 2) cekidan

Fr.: 1) goutte; 2) tomber goutte à goutte   

1a) A small quantity of liquid that falls or forms in a round or pear-shaped mass.
1b) A very small quantity of liquid; a very small quantity of anything.
2) To fall in small portions, as water or other liquid.

M.E. drop(e), from O.E. dropian; related to O.H.G. triofan, Du. drop, Ger. Tropfen.

Cekké, cekidan "drop; small, minute," cekidan "to drop."

droplet
  چکه، چکک   
cekké, cekkak

Fr.: gouttelette   

A very small drop of a liquid.

drop + diminutive suffix let.

Drummond light
  نور ِ درامن   
nur-e Drummond

Fr.: lumière de Drummond   

A very brilliant white light which is the ignited flame of a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen projected against a block of calcium oxide (lime). Also called limelight. First working version produced by Lieutenant of the Royal Engineers, upon the Ordnance Trigonometrical Survey of Ireland (1826). It was used at night as a substitute for solar light. It was first employed in a theater in 1837 and was in wide use by the 1860s, among which in photography.

Named after Scottish engineer Thomas Drummond (1797-1840); → light.

dry
  خشک   
xošk (#)

Fr.: sec, aride   

1) Lacking moisture; not damp or wet.
2) Having little or no rainfall.

M.E. drie; O.E. dryge; cf. M.L.G. dröge, M.Du. druge, Du. droog, O.H.G. trucchon, Ger. trocken.

Xošk "dry;" Mid.Pers. xušk "dry;" O.Pers. uška- "mainland;" Av. huška- "dry;" cf. Skt. śuska- "dry, dried out;" Gk. auos "dry, dried up;" O.E. sēar "dried up, withered;" Lith. sausas "dry, barren."

dry merger
  تشک ِ بی‌گاز   
tašk-e bigâz

Fr.: fusion sans gaz   

A merger between → gas-poor  → early-type galaxies.

dry; → merger.

<< < -es -it -sc 201 951 abe abs abs aca acc acc aco act ada adh ado aer aft air Alf alg alk alp Alt alt amb ana And ang ani ann ant ant ant apo app app Apu arc arg Arn art ass ast ast ast atm ato att aur aut avo azi bac bal bar bar bat Bea Bel bet bia big bin bio Bir bla bla blo Blu bol Boo bou box bre Bri bro bur cal cal Can cap car Car cat cau cel cen cen cha Cha cha che Chi chr cir cir civ cla clo clo CMB coa coe coh col col col com com com com com com com com Com con con con con con con con con con con con con coo cor cor cor Cos cos cos cou cou cra cri cro cry cul cur cyc D l dar dat day dea dec dec dec def def deg Del Den dep der det deu dew dic dif dif dil dip dir dis dis dis dis dis diu dog Dop dou Dra Dsc dus dwa dyn Dys Ear ecc eco edg egg Ein Ela ele ele ele ele ell eme emp enc eng ent epi equ equ equ eru eth Eur eve exa exc exe exi exo exp ext ext ext fab fai Fan fea fem fer fie fil fir fir fla fli flu foc for for for fra fre fre fri fun fuz gal gal gal Gam gau Gau gen geo geo geo geo Gib glo gov gra gra gra gra gre gro Gui H-a hal Ham har Hay hea hei hel Hel her het hie hig hoa hom hor hot Hub Hug hur hyd hyd hyl hyp ice ide ima ima imp imp inc inc ind ine inf inf inf ing inn ins ins int int int int int int int int inv inv ion iro Isl iso iso Jab jet Jov Jup Kar Kep kil Kip Kra Lag Lam Lan Lar las law lea Leg Leo lev lig lim lin lin lin lit loc loc log Lor low lum lun lun Lym Mac mag mag mag mag mag mai Mal map mas mas mat Mau mea mea med Men mer Mes Met met mic mic Mie mil min Mir mix mod mol mom Moo mor mov mul mur n-b nan nat nea neg Ner neu new New NGC noc nom non non nor nor nuc nuc nul nut obj obl obs occ oct off old one ope opp opt opt orb ord org Ori osc oth ove Owl P-s Pal par par par par Pas pat pec pen per per per per per Pha pha pho pho pho phy pie pix Pla pla pla pla Pli Poi pol pol pol pol por pos pos pow pre pre pre pre pri pri pri pro pro pro pro pro pro pro pub pul pyc qua qua qua qua qui rad rad rad rad rad rad rai ran rar Ray rea Rea rec rec red red ref ref reg rel rel rel ren res res res res ret rev Ric rig rin roc roo rot rot rur S5- Sal sat sca sca Sch sci Scu sec sec sed sel sel sem seq set sha she sho sid sie sil sim sin sit sky slo sno sod sol sol sol sol son sou spa spa spe spe spe spe sph spi spo squ sta sta sta sta ste ste ste Sti sto str str sub sub sub sul sup sup sup sup sur sur syl syn sys tal Tay tel ten ter tex the the the the Tho thr tid tim Tit too Tor tra tra Tra tra Tra tri Tri tru tub tur two Typ ult ult unc uni uni uni upl ura uti val var vec vel ver Ver vie vir vis vis vol W-R war wav wav wea Wei wha wid win WN3 Wol wri xen yok zen zij > >>