An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
English-French-Persian

فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

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Maunder minimum
  کمینه‌ی ِ ماؤندر   
kamine-ye Maunder

Fr.: minimum de Maunder   

A period from about 1645 to 1715 when the number of → sunspots was unusually low. This → solar activity minimum is attested also through the increased content of carbon 14 in tree rings in that period. The reason is that the cosmic rays which produce 14C reach the Earth in a greater number when there is weak solar activity (see also → radiocarbon dating). The Maunder minimum occurred during a period of cooling of the Earth, called the → Little Ice Age. The Maunder minimum is one of a number of periods of low solar activity, including the → Dalton minimum, the → Sporer minimum, the → Wolf minimum, and the → Oort minimum.

After the British astronomer Edward Walter Maunder (1851-1928) who, along with Gustav Spörer of Germany, first called attention to this phenomenon; → minimum.

maximum
  بیشینه   
bišiné (#)

Fr.: maximum   

The greatest value attained (or attainable) by a function; the opposite of minimum.

From L. maximum, neuter of maximus "greatest," superlative of magnus "great, large" cognate with Pers. meh "great, large" (Mid.Pers. mah, mas; Av. maz-, masan-, mazant- "great, important," mazan- "greatness, majesty," mazišta- "greatest;" cf. Skt. mah-, mahant-; Gk. megas; PIE *meg- "great").

Bišiné, from biš "much, more; great" (from Mid.Pers. veš "more, longer; more frequently," related to vas "many, much" (Mod.Pers. bas); O.Pers. vasiy "at will, greatly, utterly;" Av. varəmi "I wish," vasô, vasə "at one's pleasure or will," from vas- "to will, desire, wish") + -in superlative suffix + nuance suffix.

maximum density of water
  چگالی ِ بیشینه‌ی ِ آب   
cagâli-ye bišine-ye âb

Fr.: densité maximale de l'eau   

The density of pure water occurring at 3.98 °C, which is 1.0000 g cm-3, or 1000 kg m-3. Water when cooled down contracts normally until the temperature is 3.98 °C, after which it expands. Because the maximum density of water occurs at about 4 °C, water becomes increasingly lighter at 3 °C, 2 °C, 1 °C, and 0 °C (→ freezing point). The density of liquid water at 0 °C is greater than the density of frozen water at the same temperature. Thus water is heavier as a liquid than as a solid, and this is why ice floats on water. When a mass of water cools below 4 °C, the density decreases and allows water to rise to the surface, where freezing occurs. The layer of ice formed on the surface does not sink and it acts as a thermal isolator, thus protecting the biological environment beneath it. This property of water liquid is very unusual; molecules pack more closely than in the crystal structure of ice. The reason is that → hydrogen bonds between liquid water are not stable, they are continuously broken and new bonds are created. In the crystal structure of ice molecules have a fixed pattern creating empty space between molecules.

maximum; → density; → water.

maximum entropy method (MEM)
  روش ِ درگاشت ِ بیشینه   
raveš-e dargâšt-e bišiné

Fr.: méthode d'entropie maximum   

A deconvolution algorithm which functions by minimizing a smoothness function in an image. The MEM seeks to extract as much information from a measurement as is justified by the data's signal-to-noise ratio.

maximum; → entropy; → method.

maximum light
  نور ِ بیشینه   
nur-e bišiné

Fr.: maximum de lumière   

Of a → supernova, → peak luminosity.

maximum; → light.

maximum likelihood
  شدواری ِ بیشینه   
šodvâri-ye bišiné

Fr.: maximum de vraisemblance   

A statistical procedure based on choosing the value of the unknown parameter under which the probability of obtaining an observed sample is highest.

maximum; → likelihood.

maxwell (Mx)
  ماکسول   
maxwell (#)

Fr.: maxwell   

The unit of → magnetic flux. The flux through 1 square cm normal to a magnetic field of 1 → gauss. It is equal to 10-8 → weber (Wb)s.

After James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879), British outstanding physicist, who made fundamental contributions to electromagnetic theory and the kinetic theory of gases.

Maxwell bridge
  پل ِ ماکسول   
pol-e Maxwell

Fr.: pont de Maxwell   

A type of → Wheatstone bridge used for measuring → inductance in terms of → resistance and → capacitance.

maxwell; → bridge.

Maxwell gap
  گاف ِ ماکسول   
gâf-e Mawxell

Fr.: division de Maxwell   

A division in Saturn's ring in the outer part of the C ring. It is about 87500 km from Saturn's center and is 500 km wide. The gap was discovered in 1980 by Voyager 1.

Not discovered by J. C. Maxwell, but named in his honor; → maxwell; → gap.

Maxwell's demon
  پری ِ ماکسول   
pari-ye Maxwell

Fr.: démon de Maxwell   

A → thought experiment meant to raise questions about the possibility of violating the → second law of thermodynamics. A wall separates two compartments filled with gas. A little "demon" sits by a tiny trap door in the wall. He is able to sort hot (faster) molecules from cold molecules without expending energy, thus bringing about a general decrease in → entropy and violating the second law of thermodynamics. The → paradox is explained by the fact that such a demon would still need to use energy to observe and sort the molecules. Thus the total entropy of the system still increases.

Named after James Clerk Maxwell (→ maxwell), who first thought of this experiment; → demon.

Maxwell's equations
  هموگش‌های ِ ماکسول   
hamugešhâ-ye Maxwell

Fr.: équations de Maxwell   

A set of four fundamental equations that describe the electric and magnetic fields arising from varying electric charges and magnetic fields, electric currents, charge distributions, and how those fields change in time. In their vector differential form, these equations are:
i) ∇.E = ρ/ε0 (→ Gauss's law for electricity),
ii) ∇.B = 0 (→ Gauss's law for magnetism),
iii) x E = -∂B/∂t (→ Faraday's law of induction),
iv) x B = μ0J + μ0ε0E/∂t (→ Ampere's law), with c2 = 1/(μ0ε0), where E is → electric intensity, B is → magnetic flux density, ρ is → charge density, ε0 is → permittivity, μ0 is → permeability, J is → current density, and c is → speed of light.

maxwell. It should be emphasized that the equations originally published by James Clerk Maxwell in 1873 (in A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism) were 20 in number, had 20 variables, and were in scalar form. The German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857-1894) reduced them to 12 scalar equations (1884). It was the English mathematician/physicist Oliver Heaviside (1850-1925) who expressed Maxwell's equations in vector form using the notations of → gradient, → divergence, and → curl of a vector, thus simplifying them to the present 4 equations (1886). Before Einstein these equations were known as Maxwell-Heaviside-Hertz equations, Einstein (1940) popularized the name "Maxwell's Equations;" → equation.

Maxwell's rule
  رزن ِ ماکسول   
razan-e Maxwell

Fr.: règle de Maxwell   

Every part of a deformable electric circuit tends to move in such a direction as to enclose the maximum magnetic flux.

maxwell; → rule.

Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
  واباژش ِ ماکسول-بولتسمان   
vibâžš-e Maxwell-Boltzmann

Fr.: distribution de Maxwell-Boltzmann   

The distribution law for kinetic energies (or, equivalently, speeds) of molecules of an ideal gas in equilibrium at a given temperature.

maxwell; → Boltzmann's constant; → distribution.

Maya calendar
  گاهشمار ِ مایا   
gâhšomâr-e Mâyâ

Fr.: calendrier Maya   

A complex calendar created by the ancient central American Mayas which uses three different dating systems in parallel: Long Count, Tzolkin, and Haab. Only Haab has a direct relationship with the length of the year. It is a solar → vague year consisting of 18 months of 20 days each, and an additional period of 5 → epagomenal days. Tzolkin is a calendar of 13 x 20 = 260 days running within Haab and is used for ritual purposes. A date is usually described by specifying its position in both the Tzolkin and Haab calendars. The least common multiple of the two calendars, called the Calendar Round, has 18,980 days, representing a cycle of 73 sacred years, or 52 vague years. The Long Count is the number of days since the start of the Maya era. There is disagreement about the beginning date of the Long Count. Most authorities agree, however, that the Long Count started in 3114 B.C., with several possible dates.

Maya, proper name; → calendar.

mean
  ۱) میانگین؛ ۲) چماردن   
1) miyângin (#); 2) cemârdan

Fr.: 1) moyenne; 2) signifier, vouloir dire   

1a) General: A quantity having a value intermediate between the values of other quantities; an average.
1b) → arithmetic mean.
1c) → geometric mean.
1d) → harmonic mean.
1e) → weighted mean.
1f) → root mean square.
2) To have as its sense or signification; signify.

1) From O.Fr. meien, from L. medianus "of or that is in the middle," → median.
2) Verb of → meaning.

1) Miyângin "the middle; middle-sized; the middle pearl in a string," from miyân, → middle, + -gin a suffix forming adjectives of possession.
2) → meaning.

mean anomaly
  ناسانی ِ میانگین   
nâsâni-ye miyângin

Fr.: anomalie moyenne   

The angle between the periapsis of an orbit and the position of a hypothetical body that orbits in the same period as the real one but at a constant mean angular velocity.

mean; → anomaly.

mean catalog place
  جای ِ میانگین ِ کاتالوگی   
jâ-ye miyângin-e kâtâlogi

Fr.: position catalogue moyenne   

That point on the → celestial sphere at which an object would be seen from the solar system → barycenter affected by the → e-terms → aberration.

catalog; → mean; → place.

mean daily motion
  جنبش ِ روزانه‌ی ِ میانگین   
jenbeš-e ruzâne-ye miyângin (#)

Fr.: mouvement diurne moyen   

The average movement of a body along its orbit in one day, usually expressed in degrees.

mean; → diurnal; → motion.

mean element
  بن‌پار ِ میانگین   
bonpâr-e miyângin

Fr.: élément moyen   

An element of an adopted reference orbit that approximates the actual, perturbed orbit. Mean elements may serve as the basis for calculating perturbations.

mean; → element.

mean equator
  هموگار ِ میانگین   
hamugâr-e miyângin

Fr.: équateur moyen   

The orientation the Earth's equator would have if the nutation was subtracted.

mean; → equator.

<< < -es -it -sc 201 951 abe abs abs aca acc acc aco act ada adh ado aer aft air Alf alg alk alp Alt alt amb ana And ang ani ann ant ant ant apo app app Apu arc arg Arn art ass ast ast ast atm ato att aur aut avo azi bac bal bar bar bat Bea Bel bet bia big bin bio Bir bla bla blo Blu bol Boo bou box bre Bri bro bur cal cal Can cap car Car cat cau cel cen cen cha Cha cha che Chi chr cir cir civ cla clo clo CMB coa coe coh col col col com com com com com com com com Com con con con con con con con con con con con con coo cor cor cor Cos cos cos cou cou cra cri cro cry cul cur cyc D l dar dat day dea dec dec dec def def deg Del Den dep der det deu dew dic dif dif dil dip dir dis dis dis dis dis diu dog Dop dou Dra Dsc dus dwa dyn Dys Ear ecc eco edg egg Ein Ela ele ele ele ele ell eme emp enc eng ent epi equ equ equ eru eth Eur eve exa exc exe exi exo exp ext ext ext fab fai Fan fea fem fer fie fil fir fir fla fli flu foc for for for fra fre fre fri fun fuz gal gal gal Gam gau Gau gen geo geo geo geo Gib glo gov gra gra gra gra gre gro Gui H-a hal Ham har Hay hea hei hel Hel her het hie hig hoa hom hor hot Hub Hug hur hyd hyd hyl hyp ice ide ima ima imp imp inc inc ind ine inf inf inf ing inn ins ins int int int int int int int int inv inv ion iro Isl iso iso Jab jet Jov Jup Kar Kep kil Kip Kra Lag Lam Lan Lar las law lea Leg Leo lev lig lim lin lin lin lit loc loc log Lor low lum lun lun Lym Mac mag mag mag mag mag mai Mal map mas mas mat Mau mea mea med Men mer Mes Met met mic mic Mie mil min Mir mix mod mol mom Moo mor mov mul mur n-b nan nat nea neg Ner neu new New NGC noc nom non non nor nor nuc nuc nul nut obj obl obs occ oct off old one ope opp opt opt orb ord org Ori osc oth ove Owl P-s Pal par par par par Pas pat pec pen per per per per per Pha pha pho pho pho phy pie pix Pla pla pla pla Pli Poi pol pol pol pol por pos pos pow pre pre pre pre pri pri pri pro pro pro pro pro pro pro pub pul pyc qua qua qua qua qui rad rad rad rad rad rad rai ran rar Ray rea Rea rec rec red red ref ref reg rel rel rel ren res res res res ret rev Ric rig rin roc roo rot rot rur S5- Sal sat sca sca Sch sci Scu sec sec sed sel sel sem seq set sha she sho sid sie sil sim sin sit sky slo sno sod sol sol sol sol son sou spa spa spe spe spe spe sph spi spo squ sta sta sta sta ste ste ste Sti sto str str sub sub sub sul sup sup sup sup sur sur syl syn sys tal Tay tel ten ter tex the the the the Tho thr tid tim Tit too Tor tra tra Tra tra Tra tri Tri tru tub tur two Typ ult ult unc uni uni uni upl ura uti val var vec vel ver Ver vie vir vis vis vol W-R war wav wav wea Wei wha wid win WN3 Wol wri xen yok zen zij > >>