An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
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فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

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Newtonian
  نیوتنی   
Newtoni (#)

Fr.: newtonien   

Of or pertaining to Sir Isaac Newton or to his theories or discoveries.

Newtonian, from → Newton + -ian a suffix forming adjectives.

Newtonian approximation
  نزدینش ِ نیوتنی   
nazdineš-e Newtoni

Fr.: approximation newtonienne   

A particular solution of the → general relativity when the → gravitational mass is small. The → space-time is then approximated to the → Minkowski's and this leads to → Newtonian mechanics.

Newtonian; → approximation.

Newtonian constant of gravitation
  پایای ِ گرانش ِ نیوتن   
pâyâ-ye gerâneš-e Newton

Fr.: constante de la gravitation newtonienne   

Same as the → gravitational constant.

Newtonian; → constant; → gravitation.

Newtonian cosmology
  کیهان‌شناسی ِ نیوتنی   
keyhânšenâsi-ye Newtoni

Fr.: cosmologie newtonienne   

The use of → Newtonian mechanics to derive homogeneous and isotropic solutions of → Einstein's field equations, which represent models of expanding Universe. The Newtonian cosmology deviates from the prediction of → general relativity in the general case of anisotropic and inhomogeneous models.

Newtonian; → cosmology.

Newtonian fluid
  شاره‌ی ِ نیوتنی   
šârre-ye Newtoni

Fr.: fluide newtonien   

Any → fluid with a constant → viscosity at a given temperature regardless of the rate of → shear.

Newtonian; → fluid.

Newtonian focus
  کانون ِ نیوتن، ~ نیوتنی   
kânun-e Newton, ~ Newtoni

Fr.: foyer de Newton   

The focus obtained by diverting the converging light beam of a reflecting telescope to the side of the tube.

Newtonian; → focus.

Newtonian limit
  حد ِ نیوتنی   
hadd-e Newtoni

Fr.: limite newtonienne   

The limit attained by → general relativity when velocities are very smaller than the → speed of light or gravitational fields are weak. This limit corresponds to the transition between general relativity and the → Newtonian mechanics. See also → Newtonian approximation.

Newtonian; → limit.

Newtonian mechanics
  مکانیک ِ نیوتنی   
mekânik-e Newtoni (#)

Fr.: mécanique newtonienne   

A system of mechanics based on → Newton's law of gravitation and its derivatives. Same as → classical mechanics.

Newtonian; → mechanics.

Newtonian potential
  توند ِ نیوتنی   
tavand-e Newtoni

Fr.: potentiel newtonien   

A potential in a field of force obeying the inverse-square law such as → gravitational potential.

Newtonian; → potential.

Newtonian principle of relativity
  پروز ِ بازانیگی ِ نیوتن   
parvaz-e bâzânigi-ye Newton

Fr.: principe de relativité de Newton   

The Newton's equations of motion, if they hold in any → reference frame, they are valid also in any other reference frame moving with uniform velocity relative to the first.

Newtonian; → principle; → relativity.

Newtonian relativity
  بازانیگی ِ نیوتنی   
bâzânigi-ye Newtoni

Fr.: relativité newtonienne   

The laws of physics are unchanged under → Galilean transformation. This implies that no mechanical experiment can detect any intrinsic diff between two → inertial frames. Same as → Galilean relativity.

Newton; → relativity.

Newtonian telescope
  دوربین ِ نیوتن، تلسکوپ ِ ~   
durbin-e Newton, teleskop-e ~

Fr.: télescope de Newton, ~ newtonien   

A telescope with a concave paraboloidal objective mirror and a small plane mirror that reflects rays from the primary mirror laterally outside the tube where the image is viewed with an eyepiece.

Newtonian; → telescope.

next
  پدا   
podâ

Fr.: prochain   

Immediately following in time, order, place, and so on.

M.E., from O.E. next, nehst, niehsta, nyhsta "nearest, closest," superlative of neah "nigh" + superlative suffix. Cognate with Du. naast "next," O.H.G. nahisto "neighbor," Ger. nächst "next."

Podâ, literally "placed after," from *upada-, from *upa- "near, next, after," + *dâ- "to place, put," → thesis; cf. Baluci pôši "the day after tomorrow," from pô- contraction of *upa- + *aušah- "dawn," + → aurora, + suffix -i; cf. also Baluci godâ (from *uidâ-?) "then, next;" Bašâgardi, Baluci randâ "next, then."

NGC 1275
     
NGC 1275

Fr.: NGC 1275   

A → Seyfert galaxy, which is the central, dominant member of the large and relatively nearby → Perseus cluster of galaxies. A powerful source of X-rays and radio emission, NGC 1275 accretes matter (→ accretion) as intercluster material falls into it, ultimately feeding a → supermassive black hole (SMBH) at the galaxy's core. NGC 1275, hosts a narrow-line radio source, Perseus A (3C 84), which interacts with the intracluster gas through its jets and bipolar outflows.

NGC, → New General Catalogue.

NGC 346
     
NGC 346

Fr.: NGC 346   

A prominent → star cluster, and the ionizing core of giant → H II region → N66 in the → Small Magellanic Cloud galaxy. NGC 346 hosts the largest sample of young, → massive stars in the whole SMC, containing 33 → O-type stars among which 11 are of type O6.5 or earlier. This is young massive star cluster with an estimated age of about 3 million years.

346, a serial number in the → New General Catalogue.

NGC 3603
     
NGC 3603

Fr.: NGC 3603   

The most massive and luminous visible → starburst region in the Galaxy. This is our local → giant H II region lying at a distance of about 6-7 kpc in the → Carina arm (→ right ascension = 11h, → declination = -61°). Its central starburst cluster hosts the largest known concentration of extremely young, mostly unevolved → high-mass stars in the Galaxy. With an age of only 1-2 Myr for its most massive stars, NGC 3603 is one of the youngest starburst clusters known. It has about 40 known → O stars and → W-R stars, producing a → Lyman continuum flux of 1051 s-1, about 100 times the ionizing power of the Orion → Trapezium cluster. The OB stars contribute to more than 2000 → solar masses to the cluster mass. With a bolometric luminosity over 107solar luminosities, NGC 3603 has about 10% of the luminosity of → 30 Doradus and looks in many respects very similar to its core, → R136. A total mass of 7,000 solar masses is measured in the inner 1 pc from the cluster center, whereas the → low-mass stars extend out to at least 5 pc. The mass segregated core of the cluster, with 105 solar masses per pc3, displays the highest local stellar density outside the Galactic Center region. The spectral analysis of the W-R like massive component in the cluster core (→ HD 97950) suggests a → metallicity close or equal to solar (See, e.g., Melena et al. 2008, AJ 135, 878, and references therein).

3603, a serial number in the → New General Catalogue.

NGC 3603-A1
     
NGC 3603-A1

Fr.: NGC 3603-A1   

A → binary star lying in the core of the Galactic → giant H II region  → NGC 3603. NGC 3603-A1 is double-eclipsing → Wolf-Rayet binary of type → WN6ha with an orbital period of 3.77 days. Their masses have been derived to be M1 = (116 ± 31) Msun for the primary and M2 = (89 ± 16) Msun for the secondary component of A1. The primary in A1 is the most massive star weighed so far (Schnurr et al., 2008, MNRAS 389, L38).

NGC 3603.

NGC 404
     
NGC 404

Fr.: NGC 404   

A galaxy discovered in 1784 by William Herschel that happens to lie nearly along the line of sight to the star → Beta Andromedae. More specifically, it lies at an angular separation of seven arc-minutes. For this reason it is known also as → Mirach's Ghost. NGC 404 is in fact a → dwarf galaxy lying at a distance of about 10 million → light-years (3.07 ± 0.37 Mpc). NGC 404 harbors a low-luminosity → active galactic nucleus powered by the lowest-mass (< 150,000 Msun) central → massive black hole (Nyland et al., 2017, ApJ 845, 50).

NGC, → New General Catalogue.

NGC 4993
     
NGC 4993

Fr.: NGC 4993   

A → lenticular galaxy (S0) in → Hydra constellation located about 130 million → light-years (40 ± 8 Mpc, → redshift z = 0.009680) from Earth, discovered by William Herschel in 1789. On 17 August 2017 the → Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) and the → Virgo Interferometer both detected → gravitational waves (→ GW170817) from the collision of two → neutron stars within this galaxy. The → electromagnetic counterpart GRB 170817A was detected 1.7 seconds later. The event was associated with a → kilonova offset 10.6 arcsec (corresponding to 2.0 kpc) to north-east from the nucleus of NGC 4993.

NGC, → New General Catalog

NGC 5866
     
NGC 5866

Fr.: NGC 5866   

A → lenticular galaxy in the constellation of the → Draco. It lies about 50 million → light-years (15.3 Mpc) distant and has a size of about 60,000 light-years. Due to its thin → rdge-on appearance, it is also called the → Spindle Galaxy. Known also as Messier 102.

5866, a serial number in the → New General Catalogue.

<< < -es -it -sc 201 951 abe abs abs aca acc acc aco act ada adh ado aer aft air Alf alg alk alp Alt alt amb ana And ang ani ann ant ant ant apo app app Apu arc arg Arn art ass ast ast ast atm ato att aur aut avo azi bac bal bar bar bat Bea Bel bet bia big bin bio Bir bla bla blo Blu bol Boo bou box bre Bri bro bur cal cal Can cap car Car cat cau cel cen cen cha Cha cha che Chi chr cir cir civ cla clo clo CMB coa coe coh col col col com com com com com com com com Com con con con con con con con con con con con con coo cor cor cor Cos cos cos cou cou cra cri cro cry cul cur cyc D l dar dat day dea dec dec dec def def deg Del Den dep der det deu dew dic dif dif dil dip dir dis dis dis dis dis diu dog Dop dou Dra Dsc dus dwa dyn Dys Ear ecc eco edg egg Ein Ela ele ele ele ele ell eme emp enc eng ent epi equ equ equ eru eth Eur eve exa exc exe exi exo exp ext ext ext fab fai Fan fea fem fer fie fil fir fir fla fli flu foc for for for fra fre fre fri fun fuz gal gal gal Gam gau Gau gen geo geo geo geo Gib glo gov gra gra gra gra gre gro Gui H-a hal Ham har Hay hea hei hel Hel her het hie hig hoa hom hor hot Hub Hug hur hyd hyd hyl hyp ice ide ima ima imp imp inc inc ind ine inf inf inf ing inn ins ins int int int int int int int int inv inv ion iro Isl iso iso Jab jet Jov Jup Kar Kep kil Kip Kra Lag Lam Lan Lar las law lea Leg Leo lev lig lim lin lin lin lit loc loc log Lor low lum lun lun Lym Mac mag mag mag mag mag mai Mal map mas mas mat Mau mea mea med Men mer Mes Met met mic mic Mie mil min Mir mix mod mol mom Moo mor mov mul mur n-b nan nat nea neg Ner neu new New NGC noc nom non non nor nor nuc nuc nul nut obj obl obs occ oct off old one ope opp opt opt orb ord org Ori osc oth ove Owl P-s Pal par par par par Pas pat pec pen per per per per per Pha pha pho pho pho phy pie pix Pla pla pla pla Pli Poi pol pol pol pol por pos pos pow pre pre pre pre pri pri pri pro pro pro pro pro pro pro pub pul pyc qua qua qua qua qui rad rad rad rad rad rad rai ran rar Ray rea Rea rec rec red red ref ref reg rel rel rel ren res res res res ret rev Ric rig rin roc roo rot rot rur S5- Sal sat sca sca Sch sci Scu sec sec sed sel sel sem seq set sha she sho sid sie sil sim sin sit sky slo sno sod sol sol sol sol son sou spa spa spe spe spe spe sph spi spo squ sta sta sta sta ste ste ste Sti sto str str sub sub sub sul sup sup sup sup sur sur syl syn sys tal Tay tel ten ter tex the the the the Tho thr tid tim Tit too Tor tra tra Tra tra Tra tri Tri tru tub tur two Typ ult ult unc uni uni uni upl ura uti val var vec vel ver Ver vie vir vis vis vol W-R war wav wav wea Wei wha wid win WN3 Wol wri xen yok zen zij > >>