An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
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فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

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Number of Results: 13176 Search : in
quantization
  کو‌آنتومش   
kuântomeš (#)

Fr.: quantification   

1) The procedure of restricting a continuous quantity to certain discrete values.
2) Physics: The procedure of deriving the quantum-mechanical laws of a system from its corresponding classical laws.

Verbal noun of → quantize.

quantize
  کو‌آنتومیدن   
kuântomidan (#)

Fr.: quantifier   

Math.: To restrict a variable quantity to discrete values rather than to a continuous set of values.
Physics: To change the description of a physical system from classical to quantum-mechanical, usually resulting in discrete values for observable quantities, as energy or angular momentum.

From quant(um) + → -ize.

From kuântom, → quantum, + -idan infinitive suffix.

quantized
  کو‌آنتومیده   
kuântomidé (#)

Fr.: quantifié   

1) Capable of existing in only one of several states.
2) Of or pertaining to discrete values for → observable quantities.

P.p. of → quantize.

quantizer
  کو‌آنتومنده   
kuântomandé (#)

Fr.: quantificateur   

A device with a limited number of possible output values hat can translate an incoming signal into these values or codes for outputting.

Agent noun of → quantize.

quantum
  کو‌آنتوم   
kuântom (#)

Fr.: quantum   

The smallest amount of energy that can be absorbed or radiated by matter at a specified frequency (plural quanta). It is a → discrete quantity of energy associated with a wave of frequency ν, where h represents the → Planck's constant.

Quantum "a particular amount," from L. quantum "how much," neuter singular of quantus "how great." Introduced in physics by Max Planck (1858-1947) in 1900.

quantum censorship
  سانسور ِ کو‌آنتومی   
sânsur-e kuântomi

Fr.: censure quantique   

A concept whereby properties of objects vary according to the energy with which they are probed. An atomic system in its → ground state tends to remain as it is if little energy is fed in, betraying no evidence of its internal structure. Only when it is excited into a higher state do complexities emerge. This is the essence of quantum censorship. Thus, below an energy threshold, atoms appear to be impenetrable. Above it, their components can be exposed (F. Wilczek, 2013, Nature 498, 31).

quantum; censorship, from censor, from M.Fr. censor and directly from L. censor "a Romain magistrate who kept the register or census of the citizens, and supervised morals," from censere "to appraise, value, judge," from PIE root *kens- "to speak solemnly, announce;" cf. Av. səngh- (sanh-) "to declare, explain;" Pers. soxan "word, speech;" Skt. śams- "to praise, recite."

quantum chromodynamics
  رنگ-توانیک ِ کو‌آنتومی   
rangtavânik-e kuântomi

Fr.: chromodynamique quantique   

The → quantum field theory that deals with the → strong interaction and the structure of elementary particles in the framework of → quantum theory. The cohesive attraction between the → quarks, that constitute → hadrons, involves the participation of three particles. Each of these particles is assigned a different → color "charge." The existence of these "charges" requires a multiplicity of different messenger particles to communicate the interaction and glue the quarks together. These messengers are called → gluons and there are eight different types.

quantum; → chromodynamics

quantum coherence
  همدوسی ِ کو‌آنتومی   
hamdusi-ye kuantomi

Fr.: cohérence quantique   

In quantum physics, a situation where an object's wave property is split in two, and the two waves coherently interfere with each other in such a way as to form a single state that is a superposition of the two states. This phenomenon is based on the fact that atomic particles have wave-like properties. Quantum coherence is in many ways similar to → quantum entanglement, which involves the shared states of two quantum particles instead of two quantum waves of a single particle. Quantum coherence and quantum entanglement are both rooted in the → superposition principle.

quantum; → coherence.

quantum computer
  رایانگر ِ کو‌آنتومی   
râyângar-e kuântomi

Fr.: ordinateur quantique   

A type of computer, as yet hypothetical, that uses quantum mechanical laws, such as the → superposition principle and the → quantum entanglement, to perform calculations based on the behavior of particles at the → subatomic level. A quantum computer would gain enormous processing power through the ability to be in multiple states, and to perform tasks using all possible permutations simultaneously.

quantum; → computer.

quantum defect
  کاست ِ کو‌آنتومی   
kâst-e kuântomi

Fr.: défaut quantique   

Of an atomic energy level, the difference between the principal quantum number and the effective quantum number.

quantum; → defect.

quantum efficiency
  کارایی ِ کو‌آنتومی   
kârâi-ye kuântomi

Fr.: efficacité quantique   

In a detector, the ratio of the number of photoelectrons released to the number of incident photons at a specific wavelength.

quantum; → efficiency.

quantum electrodynamics (QED)
  برقاتوانیک ِ کو‌آنتومی   
barqâtavânik-e kuântomi

Fr.: électrodynamique quantique   

The → quantum field theory that describes the properties of → electromagnetic radiation and its interaction with electrically charged matter in the framework of → quantum theory.

quantum; → electrodynamics.

quantum entanglement
  هم‌گورش ِ کو‌آنتومی، هم‌پیچی ِ ~   
ham-gureš-e kuântomi, ham-pici-ye ~

Fr.: emmêlement quantique, intrication ~   

A quantum → phenomenon that occurs when two or more particles (→ photons or → atomic particles) that have a common origin remain linked together when they travel apart. A measurement of one of the particles determines not only its → quantum state but the quantum state of the other particle as well. A change in one is instantly reflected in the other. To use a familiar example, it is as if you have a pair of dice entangled in such a way that when you throw them the sum of the two is 7. Any time you cast them, if the first die shows 2, 5, 3, etc. the other will show 5, 2, 4, etc., respectively. Quantum entanglement is rooted in the → superposition principle. But, in contrast to → quantum coherence, the states in a superposition are the shared states of two entangled particles rather than those of the two split waves of a single particle. There are several ways for entangling atomic particles. Photons can be entangled using → cascade transitions, as was done by Alain Aspect and colleagues in the early 1980s (→ Aspect experiment). Calcium atoms are put into a highly-excited energy level where the electron is forbidden to return to the → ground state by emitting a single photon. As a result, the atoms → decay by emitting two photons which are entangled. Like quantum coherence, quantum entanglement plays an essential role in quantum technologies, such as quantum teleportation, quantum cryptography, and super dense coding. See also → EPR paradox.

quantum; → entanglement.

quantum field theory
  نگره‌ی ِ کو‌آنتومی ِ میدان   
negare-ye kuântomi-ye meydân

Fr.: théorie quantique des champs   

The quantum mechanical theory based on the assumption that the interactions between particles and fields are mediated by messenger particles. Accordingly, particles are → quanta of a field, just s photons are quanta of light. All fields display a granular structure in interaction. QFT is the framework in which quantum mechanics and → special relativity are successfully reconciled (→ Dirac equation). It forms the basis of today's particle physics.

quantum; → field; → theory.

quantum fluctuation
  افتاخیز ِ کو‌آنتومی   
oftâxiz-e kuântomi

Fr.: fluctuation quantique   

The temporary variation in a → quantum field due to the → uncertainty principle.

quantum; → fluctuation.

quantum gravity
  گرانی ِ کو‌آنتومی   
gerâni-ye kuântomi

Fr.: gravité quantique   

A theory of gravity, yet to be developed, that would properly include quantum mechanics. Because of the tensor nature of general relativity, it is not renormalizable as a field theory in perturbation from flat space. So far various attempts to quantize general relativity have been unsuccessful.

quantum; → gravity.

quantum information
  ازدایش ِ کو‌آنتومی   
azdâyeš-e kuântomi

Fr.: information quantique   

The science concerned with the transmission, storage, and processing of information using quantum mechanical systems. It exploits the notion of → quantum entanglement between systems and joins several fields of knowledge, mainly quantum physics, information, computation, and probability.

quantum; → information.

quantum jump
  جهش ِ کو‌آنتومی   
jaheš-e kuântomi

Fr.: saut quantique   

The transition of a quantum system from one stationary state to another, accompanied by absorption or emission of energy.

quantum; → jump.

quantum mechanical system
  راژمان ِ کو‌آنتوم مکانیکی   
râžmân-e kuântom mekâniki

Fr.: système mécanique quantique   

A → physical system that is specified by a → wave function.

quantum; → mechanical; → system.

quantum mechanics
  کو‌آنتوم مکانیک، مکانیک ِ کو‌آنتومی   
kuântom mekânik, mekânik-e kuântomi

Fr.: mécanique quantique   

A development of Newtonian mechanics based on the discrete character of energy (Planck 1900) and the wave motion of material particles (de Broglie 1924). It is relies on the consideration that energy state of a quantum mechanical system can be derived at a given instant by a function whose square of the modulus gives the probability distribution of the coordinates of the system. Quantum mechanics is essential for the treatment of all atomic processes. It holds also for ordinary large scale processes although in this case the deviations from Newtonian mechanics are negligible.

quantum; → mechanics.

<< < -es -it -sc 201 951 abe abs abs aca acc acc aco act ada adh ado aer aft air Alf alg alk alp Alt alt amb ana And ang ani ann ant ant ant apo app app Apu arc arg Arn art ass ast ast ast atm ato att aur aut avo azi bac bal bar bar bat Bea Bel bet bia big bin bio Bir bla bla blo Blu bol Boo bou box bre Bri bro bur cal cal Can cap car Car cat cau cel cen cen cha Cha cha che Chi chr cir cir civ cla clo clo CMB coa coe coh col col col com com com com com com com com Com con con con con con con con con con con con con coo cor cor cor Cos cos cos cou cou cra cri cro cry cul cur cyc D l dar dat day dea dec dec dec def def deg Del Den dep der det deu dew dic dif dif dil dip dir dis dis dis dis dis diu dog Dop dou Dra Dsc dus dwa dyn Dys Ear ecc eco edg egg Ein Ela ele ele ele ele ell eme emp enc eng ent epi equ equ equ eru eth Eur eve exa exc exe exi exo exp ext ext ext fab fai Fan fea fem fer fie fil fir fir fla fli flu foc for for for fra fre fre fri fun fuz gal gal gal Gam gau Gau gen geo geo geo geo Gib glo gov gra gra gra gra gre gro Gui H-a hal Ham har Hay hea hei hel Hel her het hie hig hoa hom hor hot Hub Hug hur hyd hyd hyl hyp ice ide ima ima imp imp inc inc ind ine inf inf inf ing inn ins ins int int int int int int int int inv inv ion iro Isl iso iso Jab jet Jov Jup Kar Kep kil Kip Kra Lag Lam Lan Lar las law lea Leg Leo lev lig lim lin lin lin lit loc loc log Lor low lum lun lun Lym Mac mag mag mag mag mag mai Mal map mas mas mat Mau mea mea med Men mer Mes Met met mic mic Mie mil min Mir mix mod mol mom Moo mor mov mul mur n-b nan nat nea neg Ner neu new New NGC noc nom non non nor nor nuc nuc nul nut obj obl obs occ oct off old one ope opp opt opt orb ord org Ori osc oth ove Owl P-s Pal par par par par Pas pat pec pen per per per per per Pha pha pho pho pho phy pie pix Pla pla pla pla Pli Poi pol pol pol pol por pos pos pow pre pre pre pre pri pri pri pro pro pro pro pro pro pro pub pul pyc qua qua qua qua qui rad rad rad rad rad rad rai ran rar Ray rea Rea rec rec red red ref ref reg rel rel rel ren res res res res ret rev Ric rig rin roc roo rot rot rur S5- Sal sat sca sca Sch sci Scu sec sec sed sel sel sem seq set sha she sho sid sie sil sim sin sit sky slo sno sod sol sol sol sol son sou spa spa spe spe spe spe sph spi spo squ sta sta sta sta ste ste ste Sti sto str str sub sub sub sul sup sup sup sup sur sur syl syn sys tal Tay tel ten ter tex the the the the Tho thr tid tim Tit too Tor tra tra Tra tra Tra tri Tri tru tub tur two Typ ult ult unc uni uni uni upl ura uti val var vec vel ver Ver vie vir vis vis vol W-R war wav wav wea Wei wha wid win WN3 Wol wri xen yok zen zij > >>