An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
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فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

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Number of Results: 13176 Search : in
chain reaction
  واژیرش ِ زنجیری، واکنش ِ ~   
vâžireš-e zanjiri, vâkoneš-e ~

Fr.: réaction en chaîne   

A succession of → nuclear fissions when the neutrons released by previous fissions produce other nuclear fissions which themselves cause other reactions and the reactions goes on increasing exponentially.

chain; → reaction.

Chajnantor observatory
  نپاهشگاه ِ چاخنانتور   
nepâhešgâh-e Chajnantor

Fr.: observatoire de Chajnantor   

A high plateau site located at an altitude of 5,104 m in the Chilean Atacama desert, about 50 kilometers to the east of San Pedro de Atacama (longitude 67° 46' W, latitude 23° 02' S). It is the site of the → Atacama Large Millimeter Array.

In Kunza, the ancestral language of the people living in the region, Chajnantor or Tchacknatur means "lift-off place." It is the place of platforms for worshipping the Sun, where since immemorial time prayers and wishes lifted off (ESO book Cerca del Cielo).

chalco-
  خالکو-، مس-   
xâlko-, mes-

Fr.: chalco-   

A prefix meaning "copper," used in the formation of compound words.

From Gk. chalko-, combining form of chalkos "copper."

Xalco-, loan from Gk., as above.
Mes-, from mes, → copper.

chalcophile
  خالکودوست، مسدوست   
xâlkdust, mesdust

Fr.: élémznt chalcophilz   

chalcophile element.

chalco-; → -phile.

chalcophile element
  بن‌پار ِ خالکودوست، ~ مسدوست   
bonpâr-e xâlkdust, ~ mesdust

Fr.: élément chalcophile   

In the → Goldschmidt classification, a → chemical element that has an → affinity for sulphur, and therefore tending to be more abundant in sulphide minerals and ores than in other types of rock. This group is depleted in the silicate Earth and may be concentrated in the core. The group includes → silver (Ag), → arsenic (As), → bismuth (Bi), → cadmium (Cd), → copper (Cu), → mercury (Hg), → indium (In), → lead (Pb), → sulfur (S), → antimony (Sb), → selenium (Se), → tellurium (Te), and → thallium (Tl). As a consequence of their relatively low condensation temperatures (500-1100 K), most of these elements are depleted in terrestrial planets with respect to chondrites.

chalcophile; → element.

Chamaeleon
  آفتاب‌پرست   
Âftâbparast (#)

Fr.: Caméléon   

The Chameleon. A small inconspicuous → constellation in the southern hemisphere near → Crux, lying at approximate position: R.A. 11 h, Dec. -80°. Abbreviation: Cha; genitive form: Chamaeleonis;

From O.Fr. chaméléon, from L. chamaeleon, from Gk. khamaileon, from khamai "on the ground" (akin to chthon "earth;" cf. Av. zam- "the earth," Mid.Pers. zamig, Mod.Pers. zami, zamin "the earth," Skt. ksam, L. homo "earthly being" and humus "the earth," PIE *dh(e)ghom "earth") + leon "lion."

Âftâbparast "chameleon," literally "sun adorer," from âftâb "Sun, sunlight" + parast "worshipper,"

chamber
  اتاقک   
otâqak (#)

Fr.: chambre   

An enclosed space making part of a laboratory apparatus, such as → bubble chamber, → cloud chamber, → multiwire proportional chamber.

M.E., from O.Fr. chambre, from L.L. camera "a chamber, room."

Otâqak "small room, small chamber," cf. Sogdian ôtâk "place, region," ôtâkcik "local, regional, native" + -ak diminutive suffix.

champagne effect
  اسکر ِ شامپانی   
oskar-e šâmpâyn

Fr.: effet champagne   

Blowing out of → ionized gas from a → molecular cloud when the → ionization front of an → H II region created by an → embedded  → massive star arrives at the molecular cloud edge. The large → pressure gradient set up between the H II region and the → interstellar medium ejects the ionized material with velocities larger than 30 km/s, in a way comparable to champagne flowing out of a bottle.

From a hydrodynamical model first proposed by Guillermo Tenorio-Tagle (1979). Champagne, Fr., short for vin de Champagne "wine from Champagne," a historical region at northeast France, from L.L. campania "flat open country," from L. campus "field;" → effect.

champagne flow
  تچان ِ شامپانی   
tacân-e šâmpâyn

Fr.: flot champagne   

The flow of → ionized gas escaping from a → molecular cloud due to the → champagne effect.

flow.

Chandler wobble
  پلاپل ِ چاندلر   
palâpel-e Candler

Fr.: mouvement de Chandler   

Small-scale variations in the position of the Earth's geographical poles within an irregular circle of 3 to 15 metres in diameter. It seems to result from two nearly circular components, a seasonal variation in the mass distribution on the Earth (ice, snow, atmosphere) and movements of matter within the Earth.

Named after Seth Carlo Chandler (1846-1913), the American astronomer who discovered the phenomenon; → wobble.

Chandra X-ray Observatory
  نپاهشگاه ِ پرتوهای ِ X ِ چاندرا   
nepâhešgâh-e partowhâ-ye X-e Chandra

Fr.: Observatoire des rayons X Chandra   

An astronomy satellite launched by NASA in 1999 July, specially designed to detect X-ray emission from very hot regions of the Universe such as exploded stars, clusters of galaxies, and matter around black holes. Chandra carries a high resolution mirror (aperture 1.2 m, focal length 10 m), two imaging detectors (HRC and ACIS), and two sets of transmission grating spectrometer (LETG and HETG). Important Chandra features are: an order of magnitude improvement in spatial resolution, good sensitivity from 0.1 to 10 keV, and the capability for high spectral resolution observations over most of this range. Chandra was initially given an expected lifetime of 5 years, but on 4 September 2001 NASA extended its lifetime to 10 years "based on the observatory's outstanding results." Among the results obtained using Chandra one can mention the spectacular image of the → supernova remnant Cassiopeia A. See also → X-ray astronomy.

Initially called Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF), the satellite was renamed the Chandra X-ray Observatory in honor of Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics, → Chandrasekhar limit. Moreover, Chandra, or candra- means "moon" or "shining" in Skt., from cand- "to give light, shine;" cf. Gk. kandaros "coal;" L. candela "a light, torch," from candere "to shine;" → X-ray; → Observatory.

Chandrasekhar limit
  حدِ چاندراسکهار   
hadd-e Chandrasekhar (#)

Fr.: limite de Chandrasekhar   

A limiting mass of about 1.44 Solar masses that the theory predicts a non-rotating → white dwarf can attain without collapsing to become a → neutron star or a → black hole. Over this → critical mass, the degeneracy pressure will be unable to bear the load of the bulk mass.

Named after Subrahmayan Chandrasekhar (1910-1995), Indian-born American astrophysicist who, with William A. Fowler, won the 1983 Nobel Prize for Physics for his research on white dwarfs; → limit.

change
  ۱) گلنیدن؛ ۲) گلناندن؛ ۳) آلشیدن؛ ۴) گلن، گلنه   
1) galnidan; 2) galnândan; 3) âlešidan; 4) galn, galne

Fr.: 1, 2) changer; 3) changement   

1) (v.intr.) To undergo change.
2a) (v.tr.) To → alter, modify, or make different; to make to pass from one state to another; to → exchange.
2b) To transform or convert.
3) To substitute another or others for; exchange for something else, usually of the same kind.
4) The act of changing; alteration or variation of any kind. → adiabatic change, → canonical change, → polytropic change, → secular change, → exchange.

M.E., from O.Fr. changier, from L.L. cambiare, from L. cambire "to exchange, barter," of Celtic origin, cf. Breton kamm "curved, bent;" Gk. kampe "a corner, a joint;" L. campus "a field;" Lith. kampus "corner;" PIE *kamb- "to bend, crook."

Galnidan, variant of gardidan, gaštan "to change, to turn," → Universe, cf. Awromani gelnây, geln- "to turn over" (Cheung 2007).

chaos
  ۱) ورشون؛ ۲) شیوار   
1) varšun; 2) šivâr

Fr.: chaos   

1a) General: A condition or place of great disorder or confusion.
1b) Math., Physics: Highly disordered evolution of some → dynamical systems which is sensitively dependent on → initial conditions. In a → chaotic system the → aperiodic, → nonlinear evolution grows → exponentially with time. Ordinary chaos is not → turbulence, but turbulence is always chaotic.
2) In → astrogeology, a distinctive area of fractured terrain on a planet or satellite, e.g. Gorgonum Chaos located in the southern hemisphere of Mars.

Chaos, in Gk. mythology and cosmology, the void existing at the beginning of the creation, as evoked in Hesiod's (c. 850 B.C.) Theogony. However, the meaning of chaos, used by Hesiod, is a matter of debate. Some have interpreted it as the primeval absence of order (hence → confusion). Subsequently, the Roman writer Ovid (43 BC-17? AD) described Chaos in his Metamorphoses as an unordered and formless primordial mass, and opposed Chaos to Cosmos "the ordered universe."

Chaos "gaping void," from L. chaos, from Gk. khaos "abyss, that which gapes wide open, is vast and empty," from *khnwos, from PIE base *gheu-, *gh(e)i- "to gape."

1) Varšun, from Tabari varâšun, Gilaki varâšin, daršin, uršin all meaning "confused, unordered, untidy," cf. Qomi šur-o-šin "chaos, confusion". The stem šun-/šin- is related to Mod.Pers. šân- in afšândan, šândan "to disperse, scatter, stew" (Mid.Pers. afšândan "to spread, scatter"), Gilaki šondan "to disperse," Hamadani šuândan "to derange, disorder," Laki veršânâ "to disperse, scatter," Šuštari šayn "to shake, agitate," Kermâni owšin "a winnowing fork to separate chaff from the grain," Laki šovâné "scattered household furniture," Tabari timšan "sowing seeds;" all ultimately from Proto-Ir. *šan- "to shake;" see also → confuse. The prefix var-, variant bar- "up, over" (as well as dar- "in"), denotes "disorder, confusion" as in darham barham "upside-down, helter-skelter".
2) Šivâr "depression between two terrains," from Tabari; probably a variant of šiyâr, → groove.

chaos theory
  نگره‌ی ِ ورشون   
negare-ye varšun

Fr.: théorie du chaos   

The theory of unpredictable behavior that can arise in systems obeying deterministic scientific laws.

theory; → chaos.

chaotic
  ورشونگین، ورشونناک   
varšungin, varšunnâk

Fr.: chaotique   

Or, or relating to → chaos.

Chaotic, adj. from → chaos.

chaotic behavior
  رفتار ِ ورشونگین   
raftâr-e varšungin

Fr.: comportement chaotique   

The behavior of a → chaotic system.

chaotic; → behavior.

chaotic system
  راژمانِ ورشونگین   
râžmân-e varšungin

Fr.: système chaotique   

A system that is → deterministic through → description by mathematical rules but can evolve highly → nonlinearly depending on → initial conditions. See also → chaos.

chaotic; → system.

chaoticity
  ورشونگینی   
varšungini

Fr.: chaoticité   

The condition of being → chaotic.

chaotic; → -ity.

Chaplygin gas
  گاز ِ چاپلیگین   
gâz-e Chaplygin

Fr.: gaz de Tchaplyguin   

In → dark energy models, a hypothetical fluid that can lead to cosmic acceleration at late times. In its simplest form, the Chaplygin gas has the → equation of statep = - A/ρ, where p and ρ denote the → pressure and → energy density, respectively, and A is a positive model parameter. This equation was introduced by Chaplygin (1904, Sci. Mem. Moscow Univ. Math., 21) to study the lifting force on a plane wing in aerodynamics.

Named after Sergey Chaplygin (1869-1942), Russian physicist; → gas.

<< < -es -it -sc 201 951 abe abs abs aca acc acc aco act ada adh ado aer aft air Alf alg alk alp Alt alt amb ana And ang ani ann ant ant ant apo app app Apu arc arg Arn art ass ast ast ast atm ato att aur aut avo azi bac bal bar bar bat Bea Bel bet bia big bin bio Bir bla bla blo Blu bol Boo bou box bre Bri bro bur cal cal Can cap car Car cat cau cel cen cen cha Cha cha che Chi chr cir cir civ cla clo clo CMB coa coe coh col col col com com com com com com com com Com con con con con con con con con con con con con coo cor cor cor Cos cos cos cou cou cra cri cro cry cul cur cyc D l dar dat day dea dec dec dec def def deg Del Den dep der det deu dew dic dif dif dil dip dir dis dis dis dis dis diu dog Dop dou Dra Dsc dus dwa dyn Dys Ear ecc eco edg egg Ein Ela ele ele ele ele ell eme emp enc eng ent epi equ equ equ eru eth Eur eve exa exc exe exi exo exp ext ext ext fab fai Fan fea fem fer fie fil fir fir fla fli flu foc for for for fra fre fre fri fun fuz gal gal gal Gam gau Gau gen geo geo geo geo Gib glo gov gra gra gra gra gre gro Gui H-a hal Ham har Hay hea hei hel Hel her het hie hig hoa hom hor hot Hub Hug hur hyd hyd hyl hyp ice ide ima ima imp imp inc inc ind ine inf inf inf ing inn ins ins int int int int int int int int inv inv ion iro Isl iso iso Jab jet Jov Jup Kar Kep kil Kip Kra Lag Lam Lan Lar las law lea Leg Leo lev lig lim lin lin lin lit loc loc log Lor low lum lun lun Lym Mac mag mag mag mag mag mai Mal map mas mas mat Mau mea mea med Men mer Mes Met met mic mic Mie mil min Mir mix mod mol mom Moo mor mov mul mur n-b nan nat nea neg Ner neu new New NGC noc nom non non nor nor nuc nuc nul nut obj obl obs occ oct off old one ope opp opt opt orb ord org Ori osc oth ove Owl P-s Pal par par par par Pas pat pec pen per per per per per Pha pha pho pho pho phy pie pix Pla pla pla pla Pli Poi pol pol pol pol por pos pos pow pre pre pre pre pri pri pri pro pro pro pro pro pro pro pub pul pyc qua qua qua qua qui rad rad rad rad rad rad rai ran rar Ray rea Rea rec rec red red ref ref reg rel rel rel ren res res res res ret rev Ric rig rin roc roo rot rot rur S5- Sal sat sca sca Sch sci Scu sec sec sed sel sel sem seq set sha she sho sid sie sil sim sin sit sky slo sno sod sol sol sol sol son sou spa spa spe spe spe spe sph spi spo squ sta sta sta sta ste ste ste Sti sto str str sub sub sub sul sup sup sup sup sur sur syl syn sys tal Tay tel ten ter tex the the the the Tho thr tid tim Tit too Tor tra tra Tra tra Tra tri Tri tru tub tur two Typ ult ult unc uni uni uni upl ura uti val var vec vel ver Ver vie vir vis vis vol W-R war wav wav wea Wei wha wid win WN3 Wol wri xen yok zen zij > >>