An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
English-French-Persian

فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

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Number of Results: 1076
photodissociation region (PDR)
  ناحیه‌ی ِ شید-واهزش، ~ نور-واهزش   
nâhiye-ye šid-vâhazeš, ~ nur-vâhazeš

Fr.: région de photodissociation   

A neutral region at the boundary of a → molecular cloud created by the penetration of → far ultraviolet (FUV) radiation from associated stars. The FUV radiation (6 eV ≤ hν ≤ 13.6 eV) dissociates the molecules and heats the gas and dust. A warm, atomic → H I region is thus created and the chemistry and thermal balance of the region are determined by the penetrating FUV photons. The progressive absorption of FUV photons leads to the occurrence of transitions between atomic and molecular phases, such as H I/H2 and C II/C I/CO transitions. By extension, any neutral region where the physics is controlled by FUV photons can be called a PDR, as it is the case for → diffuse interstellar clouds or the edge of → circumstellar disks. The PDR concept was first studied by A. G. G. M. Tielens and D. Hollenbach (1985, ApJ 291, 722).

photodissociation + → region.

photoelectric
  شید-برقی، نور-برقی   
šid-barqi, nur-barqi

Fr.: photoélectrique   

Pertaining to electronic or other electrical effects that are due to the action of electromagnetic radiation, especially visible light.

photo- + → electric.

photoelectric current
  جریان ِ شید-برقی   
jarayân-e šid-barqi

Fr.: courant photoélectrique   

The current produced in an → photoelectric effect process when → photoelectrons are received at the positive electrode.

photoelectric; → current.

photoelectric effect
  ا ُسکر ِ شید-برقی، ~ نور-برقی   
oskar-e šid-barqi, ~ nur-barqi

Fr.: effet photoélectrique   

The process of release of electrically charged particles (usually → electrons) as a result of irradiation of matter by light or other → electromagnetic radiation. The classical electromagnetic theory was unable to account for the following characteristics of the phenomenon. Light below a certain threshold frequency, no matter how intense, will not cause any electrons to be emitted. Light above that frequency, even if it is not very intense, will always cause electrons to be ejected. The electrons are ejected after some nanoseconds, independently of the light intensity. The maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons is a function of the frequency and does not dependent on the intensity of the incident light. The classical theory could not explain how a train of light waves spread out over a large number of atoms could, in a very short time interval, concentrate enough energy to knock a single electron out of the metal. In 1905, based on Planck's idea of → quanta, Einstein proposed that light consisted of quanta (later called → photons); that a given source could emit and absorb radiant energy only in units which are all exactly equal to the radiation frequency multiplied by a constant (→ Planck's constant); and that a photon with a frequency over a certain threshold would have sufficient energy to eject a single electron. His photoelectric equation is descibed as (1/2)mu2 = hν - A, where m is the electron mass, u is the electron velocity, h is Planck's constant, ν is the frequency, and A the → work function, which represents the amount of work needed by electrons to get free of the surface. See also → photoelectron, → photoelectric current, → external photoelectric effect, → internal photoelectric effect.

photoelectric; → effect.

photoelectric heating
  گرمایش ِ شید-برقی   
garmâyeš-e šid-barqi

Fr.: chauffage photoélectrique   

A heating process occurring in → diffuse molecular clouds which is believed to be the main heating mechanism in cool → H I regions. Far-ultraviolet (FUV) photons, in the energy range 6 eV <hν < 13.6 eV, expel electrons from → interstellar dust grains and the excess → kinetic energy of the electrons is converted into gas → thermal energy through → collisions. The high energy limit corresponds to the cut-off in the → far-ultraviolet (FUV) radiation field caused by the hydrogen absorption (hν = 13.6 eV), while the low energy limit corresponds to the energy needed to free electrons from the grains (hν ~ 6 eV). In the cold neutral medium (Tkin≥ 200 K) photoelectric heating accounts for most of the heating, the → X-ray and → cosmic ray heating rates (→ cosmic-ray ionization) being more than an order of magnitude smaller. In a relatively dense neutral medium (nH≥ 100 cm-3), where a significant fraction of carbon is in the neutral form, carbon ionization becomes an important heating source, but it is still not comparable to the photoelectric effect. The heating rate cannot be directly measured, but it can be estimated through observations of the [C II] line emission, since this is believed to be the main → coolant in regions where the photoelectric heating is dominant (See, e.g., Juvela et al., 2003, arXiv:astro-ph/0302365).

photoelectric; → heating.

photoelectric magnitude
  بُرز ِ شید-سنجیک، ~ نور-سنجیک   
borz-e šidsanjik, ~ nursanjik

Fr.: magnitude photoélectrique   

The magnitude of an object as measured with a photoelectric photometer.

photoelectric; → magnitude.

photoelectric photometry
  شید-سنجی ِ شید-برقی   
šidsanji-e šidbarqi

Fr.: photométrie photoélectrique   

A photometry in which the magnitudes are obtained using a photoelectric photometer.

photoelectric; → photometry.

photoelectron
  شید-الکترون، نور-الکترون   
šid-elektron, nur-elektron

Fr.: photoélectron   

An electron emitted from an atom or molecule by an incident photon in the → photoelectric effect.

photo-; + → electron.

photoemissive effect
  اسکر ِ شید-گسیلی   
oskar-e šid-gosili

Fr.: effet photoémissif   

The emission of electrons as a result of incident radiation in the → photoelectric effect. Also called → external photoelectric effect.

photo- + → emissive; → effect.

photoevaporation
  شید-بخارش، نور-بخارش   
šidboxâreš, nurboxâreš

Fr.: photoévaporation   

A process going on in a molecular cloud surface whereby the surface material ionized by ultraviolet photons of neighboring stars is dissipated.

photo- + → evaporation.

photoexcitation
  شید-بر‌انگیزش   
šid-barangizeš

Fr.: photoexcitation   

The mechanism of raising an electron to higher energies by photon absorption, when the energy of the photon is too low to cause photoionization.

photo- + → excitation.

photograph
  عکس، شید-نگار، نور-نگار   
aks, šidnegâr, nurnegâr

Fr.: photographie   

A picture produced by photography. → picture.

From → photo- + → -graph.

Aks, from Ar. 'aks "to inverse, reverse." Šidnegâr, nurnegâr, from šid, nur, → photo-, + negâr, → graph.

photographic magnitude
  بُرز ِ عکسبرداریک   
borz-e aksbardârik

Fr.: magnitude photographique   

The apparent magnitude of a star as determined by measuring its brightness on a photographic plate. The photographic magnitude scale is now considered obsolete.

Adj. of → photography; → magnitude.

photographic survey
  بردید ِ عکسبرداریک   
bardid-e aksbardârik

Fr.: relevé photographique   

Recording a large area of the night sky by photographic techniques, as practiced in the past before the advent of electronic detectors.

Adj. of → photography; → survey.

photography
  عکسبرداری، شید-نگاری، نور-نگاری   
aksbardâri, šidnegâri, nurnegâri

Fr.: photographie   

The process of recording and producing images by exposing light-sensitive detectors to light or other forms of radiation.

photo-, → -graphy.

Aksbardâri, literally "taking photograph," from aks, → photograph, + bardâri verbal noun of bardâštan "to take," composite verb from bar- "on; up; upon; in; into; at; forth; with; near; before; according to" (Mid.Pers. abar; O.Pers. upariy "above; over, upon, according to;" Av. upairi "above, over," upairi.zəma- "located above the earth;" cf. Gk. hyper- "over, above;" L. super-; O.H.G. ubir "over;" PIE base *uper "over") + dâštan "to have, to possess" (Mid.Pers. dâštan; O.Pers./Av. root dar- "to hold, keep back, maintain, keep in mind;" cf. Skt. dhr-, dharma- "law;" Gk. thronos "elevated seat, throne;" L. firmus "firm, stable;" Lith. daryti "to make;" PIE *dher- "to hold, support").
Šidnegâri, nurnegâri, action noun from šidnegâr, nurnegâr, → photograph.

photoionization
  شید-یونش، نور-یونش   
šid-yoneš, nur-yoneš

Fr.: photoionisation   

The physical process in which an incident high-energy photon ejects one or more electrons from an atom, ion, or molecule.

photo- + → ionization.

photoionize
  شید-یونیدن، نور-یونیدن   
šid-yonidan, nur-yonidan

Fr.: photoioniser   

To cause, or to undergo → photoionization.

photo-; → ionize.

photoionized
  شید-یونیده، نور-یونیده   
šid-yonidé, nur-yonidé

Fr.: photoionisé   

Subject to, or produced by → photoionization.

photo-; → ionized.

photoluminescence
  شید-فروزستی   
šid-foruzesti

Fr.: photoluminescence   

A process in which → absorption of photons at → ultraviolet (UV) / → optical wavelengths is followed by → electronic transitions associated with the emission of longer wavelength optical and → near-IR photons. Photoluminescence has two types: → phosphorescence and → luminescence. The excitation of the photoluminescence process under astrophysical conditions results from the absorption of a single UV/optical photon, leading to an electronic transition from a → ground state (1) to a higher state (2). State (2) typically is a bound, high-lying vibrational-rotational level of the first or second electronically excited state of a molecule or molecular ion, or a high state in the → conduction band of a semiconductor particle. The excited system relaxes through a series of → vibrational-rotational transitions until the electron finds itself in an intermediate state (3), from where an optical electronic transition back to the ground state (1) is possible. In a → polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecule, for example, state (3) can either be the lowest state in the → singlet or → triplet vibrational-rotational manifold of the first excited electronic level (Witt, A. N., Vijh, U. P., 2003, astro-ph/0309674).

photo-; → luminescence.

photometer
  شید-سنج، نور-سنج   
šidsanj, nursanj

Fr.: photomètre   

An instrument for measuring the amount of light.

photo- + → -metry.

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