An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics

1. Grammar: A grammatical unit of one or more words that expresses an independent statement, question, request, command, exclamation, etc., and that typically has a subject as well as a predicate, as in John is here. or Is John here? (Dictionary.com).
   

2. Law: An authoritative decision; a judicial judgment or decree, especially the judicial determination of the punishment to be inflicted on a convicted criminal: Knowledgeable sources say that the judge will announce the sentence early next week (Dictionary.com).

Etymology (EN): M.E., from O.Fr. sentence “judgment, decision; statement of authority,” from L. sententia “thought, opinion; judgment,” also “a thought expressed,” from sentientem, p.p. of sentire “be of opinion, feel, perceive.”

Etymology (PE): Sahân, related to soxan, → speech and pâsox, → response; Mid.Pers saxwan “speech, word;” O.Pers. θaⁿh- “to declare, say;” Av. səngh- (sanh-) “to declare;”
Proto-Ir. *sanh- “to declare, explain;” cf. Skt. śams- “to praise, recite;” L. censere “to estimate, think; decide;” PIE *kens- “to announce, proclaim” (Cheung 2007).