An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
English-French-Persian

Color produced by mixing pigments rather than light. Mixing all of the subtractive colors together results in the color black. See also → additive color.

→ subtractive; → color.

A special type being part of a more general type, e.g. subtype 2 among G type stars. → subclass.

→ sub-; → type.

1) To happen or terminate according to desire; turn out successfully; have the desired result.
2) To accomplish what is attempted or intended (Dictionary.com).

M.E. succeden, from O.Fr. succeder "to follow on" and directly from L. succedere "come after, follow after; go near to; come under; take the place of," also "go from under, mount up, ascend," hence "get on well, prosper, be victorious," from → sub- "next to, after" + cedere "to go, move" → process.

Kâmyâbidan, back formation from kâmyâbi, → success.

1) The favorable or prosperous termination of attempts or endeavors; the accomplishment of one's goals.
2) A performance or achievement that is marked by success, as by the attainment of honors (Dictionary.com).

From L. successus "an advance, a coming up; a good result, happy outcome," noun use of p.p. of succedere "come after," from suc-, → sub-, + ceder "to go, move," → process.

Kâmyâbi, literally "acquiring, obtaining, finding one's desire, wish," from kâm "desire, wish," → despite, + yâbi, from yâftan "to obtain, find," → interpolation.

1) Achieving or having achieved success.
2) Resulting in or attended with success.

→ success + -ful a suffix meaning "full of, characterized by."

Following in order or in uninterrupted sequence; e.g. → method of successive approximations.

M.E. from M.L. successivus, from successus, p.p. of succedere "come after, go near to," from → sub- "next to, after" + cedere "to go, move."

Peyâpey "successive," from pey "after; step," related to pâ "foot" (Mid.Pers. pâd, pây, Av. pad-, Skt. pat, Gk. pos, gen. podos, L. pes, gen. pedis, P.Gmc. *fot, E. foot, Ger. Fuss, Fr. pied; PIE *pod-/*ped-) + -â- epenthetic vowel + pey, as explained.

The table sugar with chemical formula C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁, which is a particular type of → sugar compounds.

From → sugar + -ose a suffix borrowed from L. denoting "full of, given to."

1) The state or fact of being sufficient.
2) A sufficient number or amount.

→ sufficient + -cy a suffix used to form abstract nouns.

1) Adequate for the purpose; enough.
2) Logic, Math.: A condition which, if true, guarantees that a result is also true. However, the result may also be true if the condition is not met. → if and only if.

M.E., from O.Fr. sufficient, from L. sufficiens, pr.p. of sufficere "supply, suffice," from sub "up to," → sub-, + root of facere "to make," → fact.

Basandé "sufficient, complete, worthy," from *basidan, from bas "many, much," → multi-.

An → affix that follows the base to which it is added.

N.L. from suffixus, p.p. of suffigere "to attach on top of," from suf-, variant of → sub- + figere "fasten."

Pasvand, from pas- "after, behind," → back-, + vand, → affix.

1) A family of simple, often sweet, compounds consisting of → carbon, → hydrogen, and → oxygen obtained particularly from sugarcane and sugar beets. The sugar family includes glucose, sucrose, lactose, fructose, maltose, lactose, and galactose. Sugar molecules have been detected in → interstellar medium  → molecular clouds.
2) Specifically, → sucrose.

M.E. sugre, sucre, from O.Fr. sucre, from M.L. succarum, from Ar. sukkar, from Pers. shakar, from Skt. šárkarā- "ground or candied sugar," originally "grit, gravel."

Šekar, Mid.Pers. šakar, ultimately from Skt. šárkarā-, as above.

To mention or introduce (an idea, proposition, plan, etc.) for consideration or possible action: The architect suggested that the building be restored (Dictionary.com).

From L. suggestus, p.p. of suggerere "to bring under, bring up, lay beneath; afford, supply," from → sub- + gerere "to bring, carry," of unknown origin.

From pišnehâd, from piš "before," → pre-, + nehâd, past stem of nehâdan "to place, put," → position.

1) The act of suggesting.
2) The state of being suggested.
3) Something suggested, as a piece of advice (Dictionary.com).

Verbal noun of → suggest.

Also sulphur, a nonmetallic chemical element; symbol S. Atomic number 16; atomic weight 32.06; melting point 112.8°C (rhombic), 119.0°C (monoclinic), about 120°C (amorphous); boiling point 444.674°C; specific gravity at 20°C, 2.07.

M.E. sulphur, from L. sulpur, sulphur, sulfur "brimstone;" maybe from Skt. sulveri "eneny of copper," as copper loses all its properties when heated with sulfur. It was known from prehistoric times. In 1809, the French chemists, Louis-Joseph Gay-Lussac and Louis-Jacques Thenard proved the elemental nature of sulfur.

Gugerd, from Mid.Pers. gôgird "sulfur," gôgirdômand "sulfurous."

1) Math.: The number or quantity that is the result of adding two or more numbers or quantities.
2) To calculate the sum of.

M.E. summe, from O.Fr. summe, from L. summa "total number, whole, essence, gist," noun use of feminine of summus "highest," superlative of superus, → super-.

Fozâk, contraction of afzâk, from afzâ + -âk "noun suffix. The first component present stem of afzudan "to add, increase" (Mid.Pers. abzudan "to increase, grow;" O.Pers. abijav- "to increase, add to, promote," from abi-, aiby- "in addition to; to; against" + root jav- "press forward;" Av. gav- "to hasten, drive;" Skt. jav- "to press forward, impel quickly, excite," javate "hastens").

To make a summary of; state or express in a concise form.

→ summary + → -ize.

1) A brief account giving the main points of something.
2) Covering the main points; comprehensive.

From L. summarium "an epitome, abstract, summary," from summa "totality, gist," → sum, + → -ary.

Fozâkvâr, from fozâk, → sum, + -vâr a suffix denoting suiting, befitting, resembling, in the manner of, possession.

The season that starts when the Sun, during its apparent yearly motion, attains the celestial longitude 90 degrees in the Northern Hemisphere and 270 degrees in the Southern Hemisphere. The current length of the summer season, around the epoch 2000, is 93.65 days.

M.E. sumer, from O.E. sumor (cf. O.S., O.N., O.H.G. sumar, O.Fris. sumur, M.Du. somer, Du. zomer, Ger. Sommer), from PIE base *sem- "summer; cf. Av. ham- "summer;" Mid.Pers. hāin "summer;" Skt. sámā- "half-year, season;" Arm. am "year," amarn "summer;" O.Ir. sam "summer;" O.Welsh ham "summer."

From Mid.Pers. tâpistân, ultimately from Proto-Iranain *tap-stā- "hot, heat season, time, place." The first component *tap- "to shine, radiate;" cf. Mod.Pers. tâbidan, variants tâftban "to shine," tafsidan "to become hot;" Mid.Pers. tâftan "to heat, burn, shine;" taftan "to become hot;" Parthian t'b "to shine;" Av. tāp-, taf- "to warm up, heat," tafsat "became hot," tāpaiieiti "to create warmth;" cf. Skt. tap- "to heat, be/become hot; to spoil, injure, damage; to suffer," tapati "burns;" L. tepere "to be warm," tepidus "warm;" PIE base *tep- "to be warm."
The second component *stā- "to stand; to set; to place;" a suffix of "place, land, country" and in rare cases "time;" examples: لرستان "Lorestân;" کردستان "Kurdestân;" افغانستان "Afghanistan;" ترکستان "Turkistan;" پاکستان "Pakistan;" انگلستان "England;" لهستان "Poland;" کوهستان "kuhestân = mountaneous region, highland;" تابستان "summer;" زمستان "winter." From Mid.Pers. -stân, -istân. Examples: gôstân (گاوستان) "cowshed;" šapistân (شبستان) "dormitory;" tâpistân "summer;" zamistân "winter." From O.Pers. stāna- "place;" Av. stāna-, as in gaostāna- (Mid.Pers. gôstân, as above) "cowshed;" from Proto-Iranian *stāna-. This suffix is related to O.Pers./Av. base sta- "to stand;" Mod.Pers. istâdan (ایستادن) "to stand;" cf. Skt. sthā- "to stand," sthāna- "standing;" Gk. histemi "to put, place," stasis "standing still;" L. stare "to stand;" Goth. standan; O.H.G. stantan; O.E. standan; E. stand; PIE base *sta- "to stand."

The moment in the northern hemisphere when the → Sun attains its highest → declination of 23°26' (or 23°.44) with respect the → equator plane. It happens when the Earth's axis is orientated directly toward the Sun, on 21 or 22 June. During the northern solstice the Sun appears to be directly overhead at noon for places situated at → latitude 23.44 degrees north, known as the → tropic of Cancer. The summer solstice can occur at any moment during the day. Two successive summer solstices are shifted in time by about 6 h. The summer solstice in the northern hemisphere is the → winter solstice in the southern hemisphere.

→ summer; → solstice.

The triangular shape formed by the three bright stars → Altair, → Deneb, and → Vega on the northern hemisphere's → celestial sphere, particularly visible during the summer months.

→ summer; → triangle.