An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
English-French-Persian

1) Of or relating to a constitution.
2) Consistent with, sanctioned by, or permissible according to a constitution (TheFreeDictionary.com).

→ constitution; → -al.

1) Making a thing what it is; essential.
2) Having power to institute, establish, or enact.

→ constitite; → -ive.

To confine forcibly, as by bonds; to force, compel, or oblige; to repress or restrain. → constrained body, → constrained system.

→ constraint.

A → rigid body whose displacement is prevented because it is under → constraint or a body that can move only in certain directions. Contrasted with → free body.

Constrained, p.p. of → constrain; → body.

Opposite of a → free system. See also → constraint.

Constrained, p.p. of → constrain; → system.

1) General: Limitation or restriction.
2) Mechanics: Any restriction imposed on the position or motion of a material system. Constraints are said to be internal if they do not impede free displacement of the system. All other kinds of constraints are called external. Systems subject only to internal constraints are free material systems.
3) Physics: A fact or condition, usually observational, that allows to reduce the number of free parameters in a theoretical model.

M.E. constreinte, from M.F., from constreindre, from L. constringere "to bind together, tie tightly," from → com- "together" + stringere "to bind, draw tight."

Pâvand "fetter, shackle," from pâ "foot" (Mid.Pers. pâd, pây; Khotanese fad; Av. pad-; cf. Skt. pat-, Gk. pos, genitive podos; L. pes, genitive pedis; P.Gmc. *fot, E. foot, Ger. Fuss, Fr. pied; PIE *pod-/*ped-) + vand, variant band "tie, band," (Mod.-Mid./Pers. bastan/vastan "to bind, shut," Av./O.Pers. band- "to bind, fetter," banda- "band, tie," Skt. bandh- "to bind, tie, fasten," PIE *bhendh- "to bind," cf. Ger. binden, E. bind).

Same as → Abbe number.

Noun from → constrain.

An → interference process in which the → amplitude of the resultant wave is greater than that of either individual waves. See also → destructive interference.

Constructive, from M.Fr. constructif or from M.L. constructivus, from L. construct-, p.p. stem of construere "to heap up," from → con- + struc- variant stem of struere "to build," → structure; → interference.

Andarzaneš, → interference; sâzandé "constructive," from sâxtan, → structure.

1) To use up, spend. See also → expend.
2) To eat or drink.

M.E., from O.Fr. consumer "to consume" and directly from L. consumere "to use up, eat, waste," from → com-, intensive prefix, + sumere "to take," from → sub- "under" + emere "to buy, take," from PIE root *em- "to take, distribute;" cf. Skt. yam- "to hold," Av. yam- "to hold, keep," → expend.

Gosârdan "to consume, drink; dissipate, wipe out; let go," probably from Proto-Ir. *ui-sard-, from *sard- "to smear, rub;" cf. Khotanese (+*ā-) esaly "to besmear;" Kurd. sirīn "to wipe," sirewe "to wipe out, erase;" Oss. særdyn "to smear."

1) The act of consuming.
2) The amount consumed.

Verbal noun of → consume.

1a) The act or state of touching or being in immediate proximity, as in a → contact binary.
1b) One of the instances when the apparent position of the edges of the Sun and the Moon cross one another during an eclipse. They are designated as the → first contact, → second contact, → third contact, and → fourth contact. See also → contact binary, → last contact.
2a) (v. intr.) To be in or come into contact.
2b) (v.tr.) To bring or put in contact.

From L. contactus "a touching," p.p. of contingere "to touch," from → com- "together" + tangere "to touch."

Parmâs "contact, touching," stem of parmâsidan "to touch, feel," from *pari-mars-, from Indo-Iranian *pari- "around" (O.Pers. pariy "around, about," Av. pairi "around, over," Skt. pari) + *mars- "to touch; to wipe, rub," Mid.Pers. marz "contact, touching," marzitan "to touch," Mod.Pers. mâlidan "to rub," Av. marəz- "to rub, wipe," marəza- "border, district," Skt. mrś- "to touch," mrśáti; L. mulceo "to caress," margo "edge" (Fr. marge "margin"); P.Gmc. *marko; Ger. Mark; E. mark, margin.

1) A → binary star system in which the two → components are so close that they exchange gases in a complex manner. Their overlapping → gravitational fields form a "peanut" shaped → equipotential surface.
2) Two roughly similar-sized asteroids or cometary nuclei resting on one another, presumably after coming together very gently. Examples are → Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko and the asteroid → (486958) 2014 MU69.

→ contact; → binary.

To hold or keep within its volume or area.

M.E. conte(y)nen, from O.Fr. contenir, from L. continere "to hold together, enclose," from → com- "together" + tenere "to hold."

Parbanidan, constructed from Mid.Pers. parvand-, parvastan "to include, contain," from variant parband- and dropping the end d, as occurs in several dialects; from par- "around," → peri-, + ban-, van-, band, vand, bastan, → band, + -idan infinitive suffix; related to parvandé, → file.

1) Anything that contains or can contain something, as a carton, box, crate, or can.
2) A large, vanlike, reuseable box for consolidating smaller crates or cartons into a single shipment, designed for easy and fast loading and unloading of freight (Dictionary.com).

→ contain; → -er.

1) To look at with continued attention.
2) To think about intently and at length.

From L. contemplatus, from contemplari "to gaze attentively, observe," from → com- + templum "space marked out for observation of auguries."

Darnegaristan "contemplate, think deeply," from prefix dar- "→ in-, into," + negaristan "to look," → theory.

The act of contemplating; thoughtful observation.

Verbal noun of → contemplate.

1) Something that is contained.
2) The topics or matter treated in a written work.

M.E., from L. contentum from p.p. of continere, → contain.

1a) A race, conflict, or other competition between rivals, as for a prize.
1b) Struggle for victory or superiority.
1c) Strife in argument; dispute; controversy.
2a) To struggle or fight for, as in battle.
2b) To argue against; dispute (Dictionary.com).

From Fr. contester "to dispute, oppose," from M.Fr., from L. contestari "to call to witness, bring action," from → com- "together" + testari "to bear witness," from testis "a witness."

Hâbard, from hâ-, variant ham- "together," → com-, + bard "to fight, to struggle," cf. nabard, nibard "fight, struggle, war," variants nâvard, âvard, ultimately from Proto-Ir. *part- "to fight, to struggle."

The parts of a written or spoken statement that precede or follow a specific word or passage, usually influencing its meaning or effect (Dictionary.com).

From L. contextus "a joining together," originally p.p. of contexere "to weave together," from → com- "together" + texere "to weave, to make", → texture.

Bâftâr, verbal noun from bâftan "to weave," → texture.

A scenario according to which the existence of peculiar → Wolf-Rayet stars could be explained by intense → mass loss that characterizes → massive stars. An → O-type star loses a significant amount of mass via → stellar winds, revealing first the CNO-burning products at its surface, and subsequently the → helium burning products. These two stages are spectroscopically identified with the → WN Wolf-Rayet and → WC Wolf-Rayet phases. A version of the scenario would be:
M> 85 Msun: O → LBV → WN → WC → SN
40 >M> 85 Msun: O → WN → WC → SN
25 >M> 40 Msun: O → RSG → WN → WC → SN
20 >M> 25 Msun: O → RSG → WN → SN
10 >M> 20 Msun: OB → RSG → BSG → SN.
The mass ranges shown are meant only to be illustrative; they are a function of → metallicity (see, e.g., Philip Massey, 2003, ARAA 41, 15).

Peter S. Conti, 1976, Mem. Soc. R. Sci. Liège, 6, Ser. 9, 193; scenario, from It. scenario, from L.L. scenarius "of stage scenes," from L. scena "scene."