An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics
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فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک

M. Heydari-Malayeri    -    Paris Observatory

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Number of Results: 13176 Search : far
afterward
  پسان، پسانه   
pasân, pasâne

Fr.: après, ensuite, plus tard   

At a later or subsequent time; subsequently.

after; → -ward.

AG Carinae
   AG افزل   
AG Afzal

Fr.: AG de la Carène   

A → Luminous Blue Variable star in the constellation → Carina; also known as HD 94910. AG Carinae lies about 6 kpc (20,000 → light-years) away and is surrounded by a → nebula. It is also a → spectroscopic variable, with the variability on time-scale of years. During the epochs of minimum in the visual → light curve (mV ~ 8.1), the star is relatively hot and has a → WN11 spectral type, showing strong He I, H I, and N II → emission lines, weak He II 4686 Å emission, and Si IV 4088-4116 Å absorption. During the maximum epochs of the light curve (mV ~ 6.0), the star is cooler, and the spectrum is reminiscent of extreme A-type → hypergiants, with a strong emission of H I, Fe II, and T III lines. The transition between both phases is characterized by the appearance of peculiar features in the spectrum, such as absorption-line splitting, strong → electron-scattering wings in He I and Fe II lines, and apparent → inverse P Cygni profiles in He I lines. The presence of a massive → bipolar nebula around AG Car testifies to a recent (t< 104 years) phase of high → mass loss. The morphology and kinematics of the nebula suggest a → dynamical age of 8.5 × 103 years and a high mass of → ionized nebular material (~ 4.2 Msun), which is likely composed of → ejecta from the central star. The nebular abundances show evidence of moderate nitrogen → enrichment. Properties of the → circumstellar nebula, studied in the → mid-infrared and → far-infrared, reveal an incredibly high dust mass of ~ 0.25 Msun, → dust temperature between 76 and 99 K, and the presence of large → dust grains of ~ 1 μm, as deduced from far-→ infrared excess. Assuming a normal → gas-to-dust ratio of 100, the total nebular mass of AG Car could be as high as ~ 30 Msun which would be of the order of, or even higher than, the mass of the → Homunculus nebula around → Eta Carinae. At the time when the AG Car nebula was ejected, the → interstellar bubble around the central star likely contained a negligible amount of material compared to the total mass of the nebula, implying that most of the nebular mass was ejected by the central star (Groh et al., 2009, ApJ 698, 1698).

AG, as used in the → variable star designation system; → Carina.

again
  دوباره، باز   
dobâré, bâz

Fr.: encore   

Once more; a second time; in return.

M.E., from O.E. ongean "toward, opposite, against," from on "on" + -gegn "against, toward."

Dobâré, from do, → two, + bâr "time, fold," → twice.

against
  پتار   
patâr

Fr.: contre   

In opposition to; contrary to; adverse or hostile to.

M.E. agens, ageynes, from ageyn, ongean "again," from on + gegn "against, toward," → gegenschein.

Patâr from Mid.Pers. paitiyârak, "every thing that counteracts and checks the good powers: adversaries of the evil powers;" Av. paiti-ār- "to advance against," paiti-ārəna- "adversary," from paiti- "against," → counter-, + ar- "to move," → access; cf. Mod.Pers. patyâré "affliction, misery, misfortune; anything ugly, terrific;" Mid.Pers. padirag, patirak "against, counter-," Sogd. patrêt "against, opposite, toward."

AGB final thermal pulse (AFTP)
  تپه‌ی ِ گرمایی ِ پایانی ِ AGB   
tape-ye garmâyi-ye pâyâni-ye AGB

Fr.: flash de l'hélium final de l'AGB   

In evolutionary models of → low-mass and → intermediate-mass stars, the occurrence of a → helium shell flash just at the moment when the star is leaving the → asymptotic giant branch phase.

AGB; → final; → thermal; → pulse.

age
  ۱) سن؛ ۲) عصر   
1) senn (#); 2) asr (#)

Fr.: âge   

1) The length of time that a celestial body or an evolutionary stage of it has existed, i.e. the age of a massive star, the age of a galaxy, a stellar cluster, and so on.
2) a: A period of time in the history of the Universe marked by a distinctive characteristic. → cosmic dark age. b: A division of geologic time in the history of the Earth, usually shorter than an epoch.

From O.Fr. aage, from Vulgar L. *ætaticum, from L. ætatem "period of life," from ævum "lifetime, eternity, age;" cf. Mid.Pers. awâm, âwâm "time, season," Av. âyav- "duration, period, time of life," Skt. âyuh- "life, health". All from PIE *aiw-, *ayu- "vital force, life, long life, eternity."

Senn from Ar. senn "age, lifetime". Asr from Ar.

age of the Moon
  ۱) کهن‌روزی ِ ماه؛ ۲) سن ِ ماه   
1) kohan-ruzi-ye mâh; 2) senn-e mâh

Fr.: âge de la lune   

Same as → Moon's age.

Moon's age.

age of the Universe
  سن ِ گیتی   
senn-e giti

Fr.: âge de l'Univers   

The time elapsed since the → Big Bang.

age; → universe.

Agena (β Centauri)
  حضار   
Hazâr

Fr.: Agena   

Alternative name for the star Hadar, the second brightest star in Centaurus and the tenth brightest star in the sky. → Hadar.

The etymology of Agena is not clear. Some sources have suggested L. a genu "by the knee," but it seems dubious.

agent
  کنشگر   
konešgar (#)

Fr.: agent   

1) Something such as a chemical substance, organism, or natural force that causes an effect.
2) Somebody who provides a particular service for another.

From L. agentem (nominative agens, genitive agentis), pr.p. of agere "to set in motion, drive, lead, conduct," → act.

Konešgar, from koneš verbal noun of kardan "to do, to make" (Mid.Pers. kardan, O.Pers./Av. kar- "to do, make, build," Av. kərənaoiti "makes," cf. Skt. kr- "to do, to make," krnoti "makes," karma "act, deed;" PIE base kwer- "to do, to make") + -gar, → -or.

ageostrophic wind
  باد ِ نازمین‌چرخشی   
bâd-e nâ-zamincarxeši

Fr.: vent agéostrophique   

Meteo.: The wind component deviating from the → geostrophic wind in the absence of the → geostrophic balance. In other words, ageostrophic wind is the difference between the true wind and the geostrophic wind.

From negation prefix → a- + → geostrophic; → wind.

agglomerate
  ۱) برگلمیدن؛ ۲) برگلمیده؛ ۳) برگلم   
1) bargolemidan; 2) bargolemidé; 3) bargolem

Fr.: 1) agglomérer; 2,3) aggloméré   

1) (v.) To collect or gather into a cluster or mass.
2) (adj.) Gathered together into a cluster or mass.
3a) (n.) A mass of things clustered together.
3b) A rock composed of rounded or angular volcanic fragments (Dictionary.com).

From L. agglomeratus, p.p. of agglomerare "to wind or add onto a ball," from → ad- "to" + glomerare to "wind up in a ball," from glomus (genitive glomeris) "ball of yarn," globus "globe;" PIE *gel- "to make into a ball."

Bargolemidan, from suffix bar- "to, on, upon," + golem, from Lori, Laki golemâ, golama "curd, obtained from milk by coagulation, used to make cheese," Lori golem "stagnating water," Sangesari, Semnâni, Sorxe-yi, Lâsgardi golma, "boll, i.e. the rounded seed capsule of plants such as cotton," + -idan infinitive suffix.

agglomeration
  برگلمش   
bargolemeš

Fr.: agglomération   

1) A jumbled cluster or mass of varied parts.
2) The act or process of agglomerating (Dictionary.com).

Verbal noun of → agglomerate.

Agilkia
  اگیلکیا   
Agilkia

Fr.: Agilkia   

The site where → Rosetta's Philae lander is scheduled to touch down on Comet 67P/→ Churyumov-Gerasimenko on 12 November 2014.

Named for Agilkia Island (اجیلکیا), an island on the Nile River in the south of Egypt. A complex of Ancient Egyptian buildings, including the famous Temple of Isis, was moved to Agilkia from the island of Philae when the latter was flooded during the building of the Aswan dams last century.

agitate
  ژیلیدن   
žilidan

Fr.: 1) agiter, remuer; 2) émouvoir, troubler; 3) faire de l'agitation, exciter l'opinion publique   

1) To move or force into violent, irregular action. To shake or move briskly.
2) To disturb or excite emotionally; arouse; perturb.
3) To arouse or attempt to arouse public interest and support, as in some political or social cause or theory (Dictionary.com).

From L. agitatus, p.p. of agitare "move to and fro," frequentative of agere "to drive," → act.

Žilidan, from Lori, Laki žil "shaking, moving," related to žir, → act.

agitation
  ژیلش   
žileš

Fr.: agitation   

The act or process of agitating; state of being agitated. → thermal agitation.

Verbal noun of → agitate.

agitator
  ژیلشگر   
žilešgar

Fr.: agitateur   

1) A person who stirs up others in order to upset the status quo and further a political, social, or other cause.
2) A machine or device for agitating and mixing (Dictionary.com).

agitate; → -or; → turbulence.

agree
  ساچندن   
sâcandan

Fr.: consentir, convenir, être d'accord   

1) To have the same views, emotions, etc.; harmonize in opinion or feeling (often followed by with).
2) To give consent; assent (often followed by to).
3) To come to one opinion or mind; come to an arrangement or understanding; arrive at a settlement.
4) To be consistent; harmonize (usually followed by with).
5) To correspond; conform; resemble (Dictionary.com).

M.E. agre, agreen, from O.Fr. agreer "to receive with favor, take pleasure in," from phrase a gré "favorably, of good will," from L. → ad- "to" + gratum "pleasing," neuter of gratus "pleasing, agreeable," from PIE root *gwer- "to praise;" cf. Pers. gerâmi "dear, revered," from Av. gar- "to praise;" Skt. grnati "sings, praises," Lith. giriu "to praise, celebrate."

Infinitive from sâcan, → agreement.

agreement
  ساچن   
sâcan

Fr.: accord   

1) The act of agreeing or of coming to a mutual arrangement.
2) The state of being in accord (Dictionary.com).

Verbal noun from → agree + → -ment.

Sâcan, from sâz-, saz, sac-, sâj-, Pers. sâz-, sâxtan "to build, prepare; to agree, be compatible; to adapt, adjust;" sazidan "to suit, fit, be worthy," sazâ "suitable, agreeing with, congruous, deserving of;" Baluchi sâc-/sâcit "to adjust, be suitable, agree;" Mid.Pers. sacitan/sazidan "to fit," sazešn "fitness," sazâg "fitting, worth;" Av. sak- "to understand, to mark," sâcaya- (causative) "to teach;" Proto-Ir. *sac- "to fit, be suitable; to prepare;" + suffix -an, → minus.

agriculture
  کشاورزی   
kešâvarzi (#)

Fr.: agriculture   

The occupation or science of cultivating the land, producing crops, and feeding, breeding, and raising livestock; farming.

M.E., from M.Fr., from L. agricultura, compound of agri cultura "cultivation of land," from agri, genitive of ager "a field" + cultura "cultivation," → culture.

Kešâvarzi "agriculture," from kešâvarz "farmer, cultivator," from kešt-varz. The first component kešt, variant kâšt, from kâštan, keštan, variants of kâridan "to cultivate, to plant;" Mid.Pers. kištan, kâridan "to sow, plant; to make furrows;" Av. kar- "to strew seed, cultivate," kāraiieiti "cultivates;" cf. Skt. kar- "to scatter, strew, pour out." The second component varz agent noun of varzidan "to labor, exercise, practise;" cf. Gk. ergon "work;" Arm. gorc "work;" Lith. verziu "tie, fasten, squeeze," vargas "need, distress;" Goth. waurkjan; O.E. wyrcan "work," wrecan "to drive, hunt, pursue;" PIE base *werg- "to do, to work."


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